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Financing instruments

• Project-based public support: Implementing adaptation is facilitated with the help of public funding on the basis of projects (e.g. research projects including test cases where implementation is carried out, financing adaptation measures to be implemented regionally/locally).
• Explicit budgetary allocations: A dedicated part of public finance is earmarked to finance adaptation implementation. This may lead to project-based adaptation, and hence in some cases may be overlapping with project-based public support.
• Insurance mechanisms: To equitably transfer the risk of a loss, insurances help to avoid or minimize human and economic losses following climate change related events.
• Public-private-partnerships (PPPs): A venture between a government service and the private sector which is funded and operated through a partnership. PPPs can be a useful tool to combine financial and knowledge resources from both the public and private sectors on specific projects in order to foster adaptation implementation.