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The benefits of looking both "top-down" and "bottom-up"

National strategies and implemented actions would be improved if they took into account learning from ‘top-down’ sources i.e. relevant international and national sources that may provide examples of methods or measures. They also need to take account of ‘bottom-up’ sources e.g. local, regional and sectoral sources of information that may provide knowledge of how social and cultural beliefs influence how particular groups respond to measures. Lessons from international reviews of MRE have concluded that it is useful to look both ‘top-down‘ and ‘bottom-up‘ (Chan, 2013) and countries have demonstrated that they are doing this. Finland, Austria, the UK and Ireland have mentioned that they have plans to include learning from vertical and horizontal actions in their national strategy and this also ensures that the challenge of multiple scales and sectors for adaptation is addressed.