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Institutionalisation requires agreements on responsibilities and funding, and practical management, which is generally more difficult than coming to a shared vision. Effective cooperation demands a functional institutional base as shown in many projects on shared natural resources or river basins (Dieltjens and Van Den Langenbergh, 2005). It may not, however, be necessary to establish specific institutions for transnational adaptation. Transnational cooperation on adaptation can be integrated into a wider cooperation framework. For example, in a Portuguese-Spanish coastal region the co-responsibility for adaptation was included in the institutions for coastal management that had been developed for the border region (Pinto and Martins, 2013).