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The lack of explicit descriptions of transnational adaptation options in the self-assessment survey may reflect the relatively early stage of the work. Six countries reported to have carried out risk or vulnerability assessments at transnational level, but of the 12 countries that reported to have identified adaptation options on the basis of such assessments, only one had identified options specific for the transnational level. The deepening of active transnational cooperation as seen in several regions may change the situation. Ongoing projects in, for example, the Alpine region suggest that options for joint adaptation activities are being explored. In some cases the responses to the self-assessment survey may also have failed to bring out the transnational dimension if a sector perspective such as water has dominated the practical work, for example under the Water Framework Directive. The responses may also have missed a part of the activities that have emerged under the auspices of regional conventions or treaties such as those for regional seas or transboundary resources. These conventions are not primarily climate or adaptation oriented, but climate change impacts and adaptation are being increasingly recognised as important topics as illustrated by the above examples.