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Only two to three countries report deeper stakeholder involvement of the private sector or interest groups in the implementation and evaluation stages. This may partly be because relatively few countries had, at the time of the survey, proceeded to these stages, but it may also reflect a general uncertainty in how to involve these stakeholder groups in a meaningful way especially in the evaluation of adaptation policies. It will require ways to demonstrate to stakeholders the impact and benefits of being involved. This means not just demonstrating how inputs can influence, but also where it has influenced. Some of the examples (Portugal, Spain, UK) include elements of co-creation of adaptation options. There are examples of how partnerships can investigate regional and local impacts of climate change, build the knowledge base as well as the capacities for adaptation (Bauer and Steurer, 2014). Accumulation and dissemination of these experiences are likely to be particularly valuable for the implementation of concrete actions. The establishment of portals that also allow stakeholders to report on their own activities (e.g. Austria, Denmark, Finland, Germany, UK, and at the EU level; see Table 2.3 in Key Topic 1) strengthens involvement and the diffusion of experiences.