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Stakeholder involvement in adaptation policies was primarily reported for policy development and dominantly involving government level stakeholders, especially with respect to in-depth involvement in implementation and evaluation. This can partly be explained by the relative novelty of adaptation as a policy area: networks, approaches and opportunities have not yet been developed for in-depth involvement of stakeholders outside government. It may also be that many adaptation strategies are still in a stage of intentions to act rather than specification of adaptation actions (Berrang-Ford et al., 2011), meaning that it is difficult to involve especially private sector stakeholders, except for distributing information on the intentions. The long time frame of adaptation may, however, mean that the contribution of the public sector will continue to be important also in the implementation of action as suggested by the observations of Castán Broto & Bulkeley (2013) on city level implementation of adaptation.