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Effective coordination mechanisms have been ensured when adaptation policies have progressed to the implementation stage

Adaptation to climate change is a typical multilevel governance problem (EEA, 2013). The general strategies that are developed at a central level need to be interpreted and applied at sub-national levels and activities have to be coordinated across multiple sectors. Horizontal and vertical coordination are known to be generally important in systems with multilevel governance (Schout and Jordan, 2005). Therefore the need for and experiences of both horizontal and vertical coordination increase when countries advance to implementation and evaluation stages of the adaptation policy process (Figure 2.11 and Figure 2.12). In the self-assessment survey countries provided several examples of how the integration of adaptation policy into other policy areas occurs in practice (Table 2.7and Table 2.8). The findings reflect many different forms of integrating or mainstreaming adaptation policies into other policy areas, with some countries relying on more formal integration and others on open forms of coordination (Russel et al., forthcoming (BASE project Deliverable 2.2)).