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Countries report to consider most often soft adaptation options, commonly in combination with others such as green, grey or combined options
Four types of adaptation options (based on EEA, 2013)
- 'Soft' adaptation options are managerial, legal and policy approaches that aim at altering human behaviour or styles of governance. Examples include early warning systems or financial infrastructure that can insure against damage from natural disasters.
- 'Grey' adaptation options are “hard” options used to reduce vulnerability to climate change and enhance resilience. Examples include dyke building and beach restoration to prevent coastal erosion.
- 'Green' adaptation options make use of nature. Examples include introducing new crop and tree varieties, allowing room for rivers to naturally flood onto floodplains, and restoring wetlands.
- 'Combined' options are making use of all of these three types. In fact, the best results are often achieved by combining actions. For example, flood risk in a particular area can be addressed by a combination of green and grey actions, or grey and soft actions.
Results from the self-assessment survey show that soft measures are the most often identified type of adaptation option: 21 out of 26 countries report to have identified soft options such as awareness-raising initiatives, information policy approaches, and early warning systems. Two countries report only soft options for adaptation (i.e. Bulgaria, Estonia). 17 countries indicate to consider soft options in combination with green and grey options for adaptation. Combined adaptation options (combining green, soft and hard options) are recognised by 12 countries. In addition, five countries reported only combined options (i.e. Cyprus, Hungary Liechtenstein, Malta and Turkey).
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Another possible inconsistency is at pg 60. Here it is stated that 17 countries combine soft and green/grey adaptation options. This I found quite logic. But it is a different message than the hkey message 4 (pg 10), stating that adaptation is especially carried out by applying soft measures. To my knowledge the combination of different options makes it (cost) effective.
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