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Estimation of costs, benefits and uncertainties are the main knowledge gaps for risk and vulnerabilities assessments

In relation to national risk or vulnerability assessments, estimation of costs, benefits and uncertainties were indicated by responding countries as the three most important topics for which more information is needed. Cost and benefit estimates are helpful for assessing climate change impacts and policy outcomes. They may complement information produced by risks and vulnerability assessments, and contribute to having better informed decisions. The need for, but mainly the difficulty of economic assessments related to climate change and climate change policies have been already highlighted and discussed elsewherein the literature (e.g. McKibbin and Wilcoxen, 2003; EEA, 2013; EC, 2013). This is linked to the uncertainties of future changes both in the climate system and societies, which determine, in turn, not only the climate change impacts, but also the need and the options for adaptation (Füssel and Hilden, In press).