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Enhancement of the adaptation knowledge base can be observed

In Europe, mitigation has been the main institutional and societal response to climate change for a long time. Currently, however, the need for adaptation is considered necessary, both for human societies and natural systems. European countries have responded to this recognition by allocating research funds to programmes focusing on climate change adaptation (e.g. Knowledge for Climate, KLIMZUK, SNAC) and conducting risk or vulnerability assessments to climate change impacts (e.g. CCRA). As a result, climate change adaptation knowledge has advanced considerably in recent years and this will continue further in the future. The EU research program Horizon 2020, for example, will address, among other topics, climate change adaptation.