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This section presents four examples illustrating how different countries have been generating scientific-technical evidence relevant to adaptation policies or adaptation actions through research programmes (examples 1 and 2) and risk or vulnerability assessments (example 3 and 4). The first example focuses on strengthening the knowledge base in support of multi-level climate change adaptation decisions in the Netherlands, the second example illustrates the development of the Italian National Adaptation Strategy using information produced through a strong established stakeholder dialogue and institutional support, the third example describes the use of results from a risk assessment in the UK to develop the National Adaptation Programme, and the fourth example describes the methodological approach used in the cross-sectoral vulnerability assessment in support of the German NAS progress report.