Explanatory Documentation of the
EAGLE Concept
- Version 3.2 -
Initially prepared and contributed by:
Stephan
Arnold, Barbara Kosztra, Gebhard Banko,
Pavel Milenov, Geoff Smith, Gerard Hazeu, Michael Bock, Mario Caetano, Christoph
Perger
Revised by:
Stephan Arnold, Geoff Smith, Gerard Hazeu, Barbara Kosztra
Date:
31. July 2023
Document
History:
-
Version
2.3 was finalized in December 2014.
-
Version
2.3.1 contains minor correction of errata (typos, chapter numbers), published
in December 2016.
-
Version
2.3.2 continued to correct other minor errata (typos, chapter numbers), without
substantial change of content, published in May 2020.
[Tree height threshold was set from 8 to 5 m.]
-
Version
3.1 contains substantial changes, mainly in the LCH block. New elements have
been added, others replaced or partly renamed. Grouping of matrix elements into
modules and segments. The order of appearance in the text chapters follow the
structures of the Land Cover Components and Land Use Attributes they relate to;
firstly Built-up Characteristics, secondly Vegetation Characteristics, followed
by Water Characteristics. It continues with Agricultural Land Management,
Forestry Land Management and Mining Details, just as these themes also appear
under the LUA block. Afterwards, all other Characteristics follow, which may
apply to any LCC or LUA.
-
Version
3.1.1 contains some minor corrections and enhancements of version 3.1. The Crop
Type list has been added in the documentation, which was before only
represented by a placeholder heading, without explicitly listing all crop
types. In the matrix however, no change was made, as the Crop Type entries have
been part of it already.
-
Version
3.1.2 contains corrections of the numbering of listed elements corresponding to
the hierarchical numbering in matrix that occurred as typo errors during
formatting of documentation. “Back to top” hyperlinks have been added under each
paragraph.
Land Use Attributes have been extended on 3rd
level under Secondary production sector; subtypes under forestry land use and
mining land use have been removed, because they are better placed and further
described under III. LCH matrix block. Some more LCHs have been added.
New EAGLE matrix block “IV. EAGLE Metadata” has
been added, metadata characteristics have been moved there from III. LCH block.
Version 3.2 received a review of the crop types, eventual cultivation purposes have been removed from crop types and moved to own segment about cultivation purpose. Besides, some more LCH topics have been added/extended: Groundwater, Grazing characters, Cultivation strategy, Crop rotation element, Forest species types, Parameter value ranges.
It is important to state that the
EAGLE concept with the data model, the matrix and this explanatory
documentation are living documents and do not claim to be completely
finalized. They are in the state of constant work in progress.
Furthermore, any suggestion for improvement or modification is welcome and
will be taken into consideration for future enhancement of the concept.
Legal notice
The content of this publication does not necessarily reflect the
official opinions of the European Commission or other institutions of the
European Union. Neither the European Environment Agency nor any person or
company acting on behalf of the Agency is responsible for the use that may be
made of the information contained in this report.
Copyright
notice
© EEA,
Copenhagen, 2023, Reproduction is authorized, provided the source is acknowledged, save
where otherwise stated.
Explanatory Documentation of
the EAGLE Concept
CONTENT [short overview; detailed view
see following pages]
Part A: Introduction to the EAGLE concept
Part B: Thematic Content and Definitions of EAGLE Model Elements
I. Matrix block: LAND COVER
COMPONENTS (LCC)
1 Abiotic,
Non-Vegetated Surfaces and Objects
II. Matrix block: LAND USE ATTRIBUTES (LUA)
4_Transport Networks, Logistics, Utilities
III. Matrix block: LAND
CHARACTERISTICS (LCH)
3 Biotic
Vegetation Characteristics
7 Geographical
Characteristics
CONTENT [in full detail]
Part
A: Introduction to the EAGLE concept
a. Structuring of the EAGLE Matrix
b. Structuring of the EAGLE Data Model
Part
B: Thematic Content and Definitions of EAGLE Model Elements
Structuring
of Land Cover Components:
Structuring
of Land Use Attributes:
Structuring
of Characteristics:
I. Matrix block: LAND COVER COMPONENTS (LCC)
1 Abiotic, Non-Vegetated Surfaces and Objects
1.1 Artificial Surfaces and Constructions
1.1.1 Sealed Artificial Surfaces and Constructions
1.1.1.1.1 conventional buildings
1.1.1.2 specific structures and facilities
1.1.2 Non-Sealed Artificial Surfaces
1.1.2.1 Open Non-Sealed Artificial Surfaces
1.2.2.1.2 pebbles, gravel,
tuff
1.2.2.1.5 mixed unsorted material
1.2.2.3.2 organic deposits, peat
2.2.1.1 grasses, sedges, rushes, cereals
2.2.1.1.1 poaceae, grasses, cereals
2.2.1.1.2 Cyperaceae, Sedges, Rushes
2.2.2 Non-graminoids, forbs, ferns
II.
Matrix block: LAND USE ATTRIBUTES (LUA)
1_1_1_Commercial
Crop Production
1_1_2_3_Other
farming infrastructure
1_1_3_Production
For Own Consumption
1_4_2_Professional
Wild Fishery
1_5_2_Management
Of Migratory Animals
1_5_3_Picking
Natural Products
2_1_1_1_Manufacturing
Textile Products
2_1_1_2_Manufacturing
Wood-Based Products
2_1_1_3_Manufacturing
Pulp And Paper Products
2_1_1_4_Manufacturing
Coke, Petroleum And Nuclear Fuels
2_1_1_5_Manufacturing
Chemical Products and Synthetic Fibres
2_1_1_6_Manufacturing
Metallic Products
2_1_1_7_Manufacturing
Nonmetallic Mineral Products
2_1_1_8_Manufacturing
Rubber And Plastic Products
2_1_1_9_Manufacturing
Other Raw Materials
2_1_2_Heavy
End Product Industry
2_1_2_1_Manufacturing
Machinery Products
2_1_2_2_Manufacturing
Vehicles And Transport Equipment
2_1_2_3_Manufacturing
Other Heavy End Products
2_1_3_Light
End Product Industry
2_1_3_1_Manufacturing
Food, Beverages And Tobacco Products
2_1_3_2_Manufacturing
Clothes And Leather Products
2_1_3_3_Publishing,
Printing, Reproduction of Recorded Media
2_1_3_4_Manufacturing
Electrical, Precision And Optical Equipment
2_1_3_5_Manufacturing
Other Light End Products
2_2_1_Nuclear
Based Energy Production
2_2_2_Fossil
Fuel Based Energy Production
2_2_2_1_Coal
And Lignite Based Energy Production
2_2_2_2_Mineral
Oil Based Energy Production
2_2_2_3_Mineral
Gas Based Energy Production
2_2_2_4_Peat
And Other Fossil Fuel Based Energy Production
2_2_3_Biomass
Based Energy Production
2_2_4_Renewable
Energy Production
2_2_4_1_Water
Based Energy Production
2_2_4_2_Solar
Based Energy Production
2_2_4_3_Wind
Based Energy Production
2_2_4_4_Geo-Thermal
Based Energy Production
2_2_4_5_Tide
Based Energy Production
2_2_5_Waste
Combustion Based Energy Production
3_1_1_Wholesale,
Retail Trade, Repair Of Vehicles And Household Goods
3_1_3_Accommodation
And Food Services
3_1_4_Other
Commercial Services
3_2_Financial,
Professional And Information Services
3_2_1_Financial
And Insurance Services
3_2_2_Professional,
Technical And Scientific Services
3_2_3_Information
And Communication Services
3_2_4_Administrative
And Support Services
3_2_5_Other
Financial Professional And Information Services
3_3_1_Public
Administration, Defense, Justice, Public Security
3_3_2_Science,
Research, Education
3_3_3_Health
And Social Services
3_3_5_Other
Community Services
3_4_Cultural,
Entertainment And Recreational Services
3_4_1_1_Indoor
Cultural Service
3_4_1_2_Outdoor
Cultural Service
3_4_3_9_Yachtharbour,
sport boat marina
3_4_4_Open
Air Recreational Areas
3_4_4_1_Urban
Greenery, City Parks, Playgrounds
3_4_4_2_(Semi-)Natural
Areas Used For Recreation
3_4_5_Other
Recreational Services
4_Transport
Networks, Logistics, Utilities
4_1_5_Other
Transportation Networks
4_3_1_Power
Distribution Services
4_3_1_1_Electricity
Distribution
4_3_1_3_Thermal
Energy Distribution
4_3_2_Water
And Sewage Infrastructure
4_3_2_1_Drinking
Water Facilities
4_3_2_2_Sewage
Water Treatment
4_3_2_3_Water
Runoff Retention Basin
4_3_2_4_Artificial
Snow Water Pond
4_3_2_5_Irrigation
And Fire Fighting Water Pond
4_3_3_1_2_inert
or non-hazardous waste
5_2_Residential
Use With Other Compatible Uses
5_3_1_Temporary
Residential, Permanent Structure
5_3_2_Temporary
Dwelling, Non-permanent Structure
6_1_Transitional
Areas Under Construction
6_3_Areas
Not In Any Economic Use
III. Matrix block: LAND CHARACTERISTICS (LCH)
1.2.1 scattered single houses, discontinuous
1.2.2 single blocks, discontinuous
1.2.3 suburban row houses, terraced, semi-detached houses
1.2.4 city street blocks, closed front
1.2.5 large complex buildings, big halls
1.4.1 Other Construction Nature Value
1.5 Artificial Surface Material Type
1.5.1.2 ceramic, clay tiles, bricks
1.5.1.5 non-asbestos fibre cement
1.5.5 Polymer, Plastic, Synthetic Fibre
1.6 Artificial Surface Material Arrangement
1.6.3 permeable paving, grass pavers
1.7.1.1 Low Growing Roof Vegetation
1.7.1.2 High Growing Roof Vegetation
1.8 Transportation Network Characteristics
1.8.1.1 Fast Transit Road, Highway
1.8.1.3 Associated Walk- Or Cycleway
1.8.4.6 Local Multifunctional Harbour
3 Biotic Vegetation Characteristics
3.4 Phenological Plant Life Span
3.6.1 erect growth, single stem
3.6.2 open, spreading, dense growth, multi-stem
3.8 Vegetation cover transition
3.9.6 genetically modified plant
3.12.1 plant growing season
ongoing
4.1.2 Controlled, regulated, heavily modified water body
4.2.2 ephemeral, episodic
water regime
4.2.3 intermittent, seasonal
water regime
4.4 Soil moisture regime, Wetness
4.4.1 Aquatic, water at surface
4.4.2 Waterlogged, saturated ground
4.5.3 subterranean, groundwater source
5.1 Agricultural Land Management
5.1.1 Agricultural Cultivation Form
5.1.1.2 managed permanent grassland
5.1.2.4 extensive cultivation practice
5.1.2.9 paddy field cultivation
5.1.3 Cultivation Installation
5.1.3.1 greenhouse under glass or foil
5.1.3.3 plantation protection net
5.1.3.4 espalier, trellis, lattice
5.1.4 Cultivation Measure
And Activities
5.1.4.1.2 ploughing applied, direction unspecified
5.1.4.1.3 ploughing across the slope
5.1.4.1.4 ploughing oblique direction
5.1.4.1.5 ploughing in direction of slope
5.1.4.2.2 fertilization applied, type unspecified
5.1.4.2.4 synthetic fertilizer
5.1.4.3.2 weed control applied, method unspecified
5.1.4.3.3 mechanical or biological weed control
5.1.4.3.4 chemical weed control
5.1.4.4.2 pest control applied, method unspecified
5.1.4.4.3 mechanical or biological pest control
5.1.4.4.4 chemical pest control
5.1.4.5.2 irrigation applied, method unspecified
5.1.4.5.3 gravity surface irrigation
5.1.4.5.4 sprinkler irrigation
5.1.4.5.7 subsurface drip irrigation
5.1.4.6 Irrigation Water Source
5.1.4.7.2 drainage applied,
method unspecified
5.1.4.7.4 subsurface tube drainage
5.1.4.7.5 filled ditch
drainage
5.1.4.8.1.2 mowing applied, frequency unspecified
5.1.4.8.1.4 medium intensity
mowing
5.1.5.1.1 grain production
crop
5.1.5.1.3 liquefication,
fermentation or brewing of Crop
5.1.5.2.1 harvested for silage
5.1.5.2.2 harvested for dry fodder
5.1.5.2.3 harvested green for direct forage
5.1.5.2.4 temporary grasses and grazings
5.1.5.4.2 Liquid Bio Fuel Crop
5.1.5.6.1 Soil Protective Cover Crop
5.1.5.6.2 Soil Nutrient Storage Crop
5.1.5.6.3 Biodiversity Conservation Crop
5.1.5.6.4 Carbon Sequestration Crop
5.1.6.1.1.1 common wheat and spelt
5.1.6.1.2 Pulses and protein crops
5.1.6.1.3 Clover, Vetch, Lupins, Lucerne
5.1.6.1.4 Root and Tuber Crops
5.1.6.1.5 Bulb Vegetable Crops
5.1.6.1.6 Cole Crops, Brassica oleracea
5.1.6.1.6.1 White, Green, Red Cabbage
5.1.6.1.6.3 Stem Cabbage, Kohlrabi
5.1.6.1.7 Leaf, Stalk, Flowering Vegetable Crops
5.1.6.1.8 Fruiting Vegetable Crops
5.1.6.1.10 Oilseed or Fibre Crops
5.1.6.1.10.3 rape and turnip rape
5.1.6.1.10.5 linseed, oil flax
5.1.6.1.10.9 other oilseed or fibre crops
5.1.6.1.11 aromatic, medicinal, culinary herbs
5.1.6.1.12 Flowers and ornamental plants
5.1.6.1.15 other arable crops [5.1.6.1.99]
5.1.6.2 Meadow Grasses and Herbs
5.1.6.3.2 Drupes, Stone-Like Fruits
5.1.6.3.2.4 Mirabelle, Spilling
5.1.6.3.9 Exotic Aromatic and Spice Crops
5.1.6.3.10 Leaf Crops from Woody Plants
5.1.6.3.11 Woody Plant Nursery
5.1.6.3.13 Herbaceous Biomass Crops
5.1.6.3.14 Woody Biomass Crops
5.1.6.3.15 Other permanent crops [5.1.6.3.99]
5.1.6.6 Fallow land [5.1.6.98]
5.1.6.7 Unspecified crop [5.1.6.99]
5.1.7.2 germination, sprouting
5.1.7.8 resprouting on harvested field
5.1.8.4 Year-round Crop Season
5.1.8.5 Number Of Crop Seasons
5.1.11.1.2 grazing
present, intensity unspecified
5.1.11.1.3 Extensive,
freerange grazing
5.1.11.2 Grazing Lifestock per ha
5.1.11.3.1 All Year-round Grazing
5.1.11.3.3 Rotational Grazing, Paddocks
5.1.11.3.5 Unmanaged Natural Grazing
5.1.11.4.3 Day and Night Grazing
5.1.11.5 Lifestock Species Type
5.1.11.5.8 Other Grazing Animals
5.2.1.3 all-aged stands, old-growth forest
5.2.2.2 young or mid-aged trees
5.2.2.3 grown-up or mature trees
5.2.4.2 coppice-standard combination
5.2.5 Forestry Rotation System
5.2.5.1 short rotation coppice (SRC) plantation
5.2.5.2 short rotation forestry (SRF) plantation
5.2.5.3 intermediate or long rotation forestry
5.2.5.4 continuous cover forestry
5.2.6.2 natural forest succession
5.2.6.2.1 self-seeded forest succession
5.2.7.1 forest cleaning, weeding
5.2.7.4 ring-barking, girdling
5.2.8 Silvicultural Harvest
and Regeneration Method
5.2.9.2.3 latex, natural rubber
5.2.10.1 primary or virgin forest
5.2.10.2 secondary or naturally regenerated forest
5.3 Industrial Land Management
5.3.1.1 Surface Open Pit Mining
5.3.1.4 Salines Extraction Site
5.3.1.5 Leaching, Solution Mining
5.3.2.1 Fossil Hydrocarbon Fuels
5.3.2.2.2 Nonferrous Metal Ores
5.3.2.3.3 Precious And Semi-Precious Stones
5.4 Terrain Modification and Land Engineering
Measure
5.4.2 artificial terrain modification
5.4.3 artificial snow preparation
5.4.5 avalanche prevention or protection installation
5.5 Administrative regulations, Use constraints
5.5.1.4 military only, restricted
5.5.2.1 nature conservation area
5.5.2.2 landscape conservation area
5.5.2.8 other protected area type
6.1.6 collapsed, destroyed, damaged
6.1.7 managed nature restoration
6.2.1 Geological or
Hydrological
6.2.1.4 subsidence and
collapse
6.2.2 Meteorological or
Climatological
6.2.4.5 animal browsing,
overgrazing
6.2.5.3 solar and cosmic
radiation
6.2.6 Contamination or
pollution
6.2.6.1 Radioactive
contamination
6.2.6.2 chemical, toxic
pollution
6.2.6.5 explosives
contamination
6.2.7 Intentional Or
Accidental Structural Damage
7 Geographical Characteristics
7.1.3 Inland Surface Waters Habitats
7.1.5 Grasslands and Lands Dominated By Forbs, Mosses Or
Lichens
7.1.6 Heathland, Scrub and Tundra
7.1.7 Woodland, Forest and Other Wooded Land
7.1.8 Inland Unvegetated Or Sparsely Vegetated Habitats
7.1.9 Regularly Or Recently Cultivated Agricultural,
Horticultural and Domestic Habitats
7.1.10 Constructed, Industrial and Other Artificial Habitats
7.4 Geomorphological landform type
7.4.1 Geomorphological landform
7.5.4 Infralittoral, Sublittoral
7.6.2 Subtropical Climate
Zone
7.6.4 Polar and Subpolar
Climate Zone
7.7.1.3 Terrain Aspect, Exposition
8.1 Spatial Distribution Pattern
8.1.1 Homogeneous, evenly textured
8.1.2 Heterogeneous, mixed, unevenly textured
9.1.1.1 object area size value from...
9.1.1.2 object area size value to...
9.1.2.1 object length value from..
9.1.2.2 object length value to..
9.1.3.1 object width value from..
9.1.3.2 object width value to..
9.1.4.1 object height value from..
9.1.4.2 object height value to..
9.1.5.1 area coverage value from..
9.1.5.2 area coverage value to..
9.2.1.1 Percentage occurrence value from..
9.2.1.2 Percentage occurrence value to..
9.2.2.1 Countable occurrence value from..
9.2.2.2 Countable occurrence value to..
9.3.1.1 Instant event date value from..
9.3.1.2 Instant event date value to..
9.3.3.1.1 period start date value from..
9.3.3.1.2 period start date value to..
9.3.3.2.1 period end date value from..
9.3.3.2.2 period end date value to..
9.3.4.1 recurring frequency
value from..
9.3.4.2 recurring frequency
value to..
The EAGLE concept embodies the EAGLE matrix and the EAGLE data model as the two outcomes of the EAGLE groups work, as well as the conceptual idea of its application. To help the user understanding the concept, this explanatory documentation has been written.
This documentation consists of two main parts:
- introduction to the topic with scope and background, brief explanation of how to use the matrix and the relation of the EAGLE concept to other existing standards and nomenclatures.
-
hierarchically structured
explanations and definitions of the Land Cover Components, the Land Use
Attributes and the Land Characteristics.
According to the broad field of applications of land cover (LC) and land use (LU) information there are many existing classification systems and nomenclatures. Each of them is addressing the themes LC and LU according to their purposes with partly different definitions and thematic focus. Land cover and land use are strongly interconnected and influence each other, and for many applications both land cover and land use information is needed. Therefore most of the existing classification systems contain to some extent a mixture of land cover and land use class definitions. An overall tendency shows on the one hand a focus on land cover information e.g. in the vegetation area, and on the other hand another focus on land use information in the anthropogenic areas, all occurring within the one and same classification system. So far, it has always been difficult to clearly separate strictly LC from LU information among the existing approaches.
For recent and future land monitoring activities and initiatives it is important to be able to have both a pure land cover and pure land use perspective on landscape separately from each other, as well as being able to re-combine those two themes.
The concept and nomenclature of CORINE Land Cover (CLC) has established itself as the quasi-standard for LCLU mapping in Europe since 1990. Over time however, the technical circumstances including quality and revisit intervals of satellite imagery, data storage capacities, computing power, and analytical methodologies, as well as thematic requirements and political reporting obligations have evolved and changed. Consequently, the need for a revision of the CLC concept had become evident. In the case of CLC, the most evident shortcomings are:
• Mixed land cover and land use information;
• Ambiguous description and semantic gaps or overlaps provoke inconsistencies in class definitions;
• Only selective incorporation of temporal aspect;
• Lack of thematic content details (e.g. differentiation of grasslands and wetlands, cultivation practices, parameterized information like imperviousness or crown cover density);
• Missing option for the attribution of spatial objects;
• No flexibility to react on new appearing landscape phenomena (e.g. energy crop plantations, artificial snowmaking or habitat restoration);
• Unequal representation of landscape types from different bio-geographical regions.
In response to existent and upcoming monitoring requirements, driven by European legislation and monitoring activities and user needs on European and national level, a list of criteria for a suitable data model has been collated. From the conceptual point of view, the data model for a future European land monitoring system should:
· Be object-oriented and describe landscape by its elementary properties instead of classifying,
· Separate land cover from land use information,
· Describe land cover in a mutually exclusive and comprehensive way,
· Be scale-independent,
· Allow semantic translation between classification systems,
· Be INSPIRE compliant,
· take into account COPERNICUS products,
· Support the bottom-up approach as well as top-down initiatives,
· Store parameterized data such as counts and numerical values,
· Be capable of handling spatial multi-scale dimensions and temporal aspects,
· support backwards compatibility between past time and recent datasets,
· Be flexible enough to allow the insertion of new elements in the model.
A fundamental criterion for the coherent description of landscape is the separation of LC and LU. The development of the EAGLE concept was based on the seed questions:
· What is the ideal way to model the landscape from a separated and re-combinable perspective of LC and LU?
· What kind of land cover information can be captured from bird’s perspective above landscape, mainly with remote sensing data and methods?
· How to integrate further landscape information that is important for land monitoring purposes from other sources of information besides remote sensing to understand the consequences of human interaction with the environment?
· How can an object-oriented modeling approach be applied in the field of land monitoring?
· How to make the data model open for various applications and information sources as well as independent from scale?
· How to maintain backward compatibility to existing historical data sets (e.g. CLC time series)?
To outline the targeted application purpose of the EAGLE concept, three key messages shall be mentioned here:
· The EAGLE matrix aims at being a tool for analytic decomposition of class definitions and for semantic translation between recent or future nomenclatures.
· The EAGLE model offers a conceptual basis for a future harmonized European land monitoring system and is open to be implemented as an object-oriented guideline for mapping and monitoring initiatives.
·
It is important to state that the
EAGLE concept with the data model, the matrix and this explanatory
documentation are living documents and do not claim to be completely
finalized. They are in the state of constant work in progress.
Furthermore, any suggestion for improvement or modification is welcome and
will be taken into consideration for future enhancement of the concept.
The EAGLE concept does not represent another classification
system but instead a descriptive vehicle for harmonization of LC/LU information
supporting both centralized top-down and decentralized bottom-up approaches.
For a better understanding of this documentation, at least the terms ‘land cover’ and ‘land use’ shall be briefly defined, how they are understood in the context of the EAGLE concept.
Land cover is seen as the “physical and biological cover of the Earth's surface including artificial surfaces, agricultural areas, forests, (semi-)natural areas, wetlands, water bodies” in the INSPIRE Directive. It is an abstraction of reality as the Earth´s surface is actually populated with landscape elements.
The landscape elements are physical features like buildings, roads, trees, plants, water bodies etc. Inside a unit of land, the combination of these landscape elements together with their (bio-) physical characteristics form the land cover type of that particular unit. However, mapping and describing land cover within a certain classification system is usually different from the mapping of the individual landscape elements and it is concerned with the portrayal of a continuous surface and not with the individual elements that comprise this surface. In this sense, classified land cover types are understood already as an abstraction of the surface.
In terms of the EAGLE concept, the abstracted representations of the real world landscape elements, that are relevant for land cover modeling, are called ‘land cover components’ (LCC). These land cover components appear to have their specific distribution or mixture and spatial extent. In conventional classification systems, typical spatial constellation of LCCs, that seem common in the area of appearance, are given a name by embracing them in land cover classes, which then are mapped according to mapping guidelines.
Land use is defined as the “territory characterized according to its current and future planned functional dimension or socio–economic purpose (e.g. residential, industrial, commercial, agricultural, forestry, recreational)” in the INSPIRE Directive.
Land cover and land use are, however, related and often combined in practical applications. Data sets combining land use and land cover often emphasize land use aspects in intensively used areas (e.g. settlements, croplands) and land cover aspects in extensively used areas (e.g. forest, natural vegetation).
Land characteristics are used as a third important term in the context of the here explained concept. They may contain further property information on a particular land unit and specify it in more detail with some other information that cannot be stored neither under “land cover” nor under “land use”. Further explanation on that is given in the following chapter.
The two representations of the EAGLE concept, matrix and model, contain the same information and are based on the same considerations and model elements. According to the application purpose the users can decide to either choose to work with the matrix or with the Unified Modeling Language (UML) model. In this regard, please be aware of the different versions that so far has been released, when comparing matrix with UML model.
In the EAGLE concept, the basis for the description of landscape is the land cover components. The list of land cover components is intended to be exhaustive and mutually exclusive.
Land cover, land use and other characteristic descriptors can - and mostly must - be used in flexible combination with each other. These combinations attached to a certain class from one classification system can then be compared with the componential description of a class from another classification system.
The EAGLE matrix itself is presented in the form of an Excel cross table and is subdivided into three content-related main blocks. The matrix elements (arranged in columns) represent atomic landscape descriptors of
I. LAND COVER Components – LCC, (e.g. trees, bushes, bare soils)
II. LAND USE Attributes – LUA, (e.g. agriculture, forestry, mining, residential areas)
III. LAND CHARACTERISTICS - LCH (e.g. land management type, spatial pattern, (bio)-physical characteristics, geographical context, geometric or temporal parameters, ecosystems types, status).
IV. EAGLE Metadata - EMD
The subdividing of the matrix into those three content blocks gives room for flexibility to add / take out / modify some elements of a matrix block (e.g. restructure the “cultivation measures” part under “land management” in the LCH block, without the need to adapt other parts of the matrix (e.g. re-arrange also agricultural land use).
The forth block is there to collect some metadata about the codified datasets or objects. The elements in this matrix block are not predefined but only placeholders for the specific metadata information that come with the data of origin.
Figure 1: Schematic illustration of the EAGLE matrix with the Land Cover
Components (LCC), the Land Use Attributes (LUA) and the Characteristics (LCH)
as columns and the classes of a source nomenclature (here e.g. CLC) to be
expressed in EAGLE terminology as lines.
Additionally to the content-related Matrix block, a forth matrix block called “IV. EAGLE Metadata” has been inserted.
The elements placed in that block shall help to store some fundamental metadata about a given dataset, like when an object has been created or deleted in the dataset, and when it has been uploaded in a target database, like the CLC+ CORE infrastructure. Also, the source of information can be named, or the minimum mapping unit which has been applied while mapping an area by creating a certain dataset.
In theory, the structure of the matrix and the “architecture” of the UML model allow the LCC to be combined with any kind of LUA or LCH. In practice however, the user has to be aware of the fact that not all combinations of matrix elements make sense. The architecture of the UML model takes this into account in a way that the various LCH to choose from are arranged as attributive attachments with their code lists and code lists to the LCC on different hierarchical levels of the LCC or LC Unit (see below).
To find a common language when speaking about the EAGLE matrix, we suggest to use distinct expressions to address particular parts of the matrix. This help mostly when speaking about the Land Characteristic (LCH) block.
- Matrix block: the three main blocks of the matrix are the Land Cover Components, the Land Use Attributes and the Land Characteristics. These are the first entry points into the content of the matrix structure
- Matrix module: a collection of matrix elements that refer to a certain topic or phenomenon (e.g. Status), a main Land Cover Component (e.g. Biotic / Vegetation Characteristics) or a certain Land Use Type (e.g. Agricultural Land Management).
- Matrix segment: a section of a matrix module that contains a coherent group of elements under a thematic sub-heading (e.g. Water Regime under the module Water Characteristics). The segments may be subdivided into sub-segments (sub-headings).
- Matrix element: the lowest but most important level of the matrix, where the single values are listed to store the characteristic information of an object in particular. All entries (LCCs, LUAs, LCHs) taken together form the entire matrix (and model respectively).
Depending on the complexity of the matrix modules, they are subdivided into sometimes many, sometimes few segments, sub-segments and elements. Therefore the information carrier elements will not always be placed on the same hierarchical level throughout the entire matrix, but the “depth” of bottom level may vary from segment to segment.
In Block I. (LCC) and Block II: (LUA), all elements follow a hierarchical order, and are subdivided into more details subtypes. No headings exist, every element can be chosen on every level to describe a land unit regarding existing LCCs (e.g. level 1 LCC vegetation, level 2 LCC woody vegetation, level 3 LCC trees) and LUAs (level 1 LUA industries, level 2 LUA mining, level 3 LUA under water mining). In the LCH block it is different, as the higher leveled matrix entries are basically headings (modules), followed by sub-heading (segments), which can´t be chosen to characterize a Land Unit, but firstly to give structure to the matrix elements. Therefore some intermediate level entry does not make sense to consider as information carrier (e.g. “spatial pattern”), but only the particular type of spatial pattern one level further down called e.g. “mosaic pattern”). In exceptional cases – e.g. in the segment of crop types, also elements above the bottom level can be used (e.g. arable crops as a group of cereals) to further characterize a given LCC or LUA .
The EAGLE data model is available as a UML (Unified Modeling Language) class diagram that is following the ISO standard 19109 (Geographic information - Rules for application schema).
The object-oriented data model is designed to be plugged in the data model as specified in the INSPIRE Directive Annex II - Land Cover data specification where a land cover data set consists of a collection of land cover units. At each land cover unit, the land cover has been observed on one or more observation dates. The extension of the EAGLE data model starts at the land cover unit (LCU) level where each unit contains one to many land cover components (LCCs) (simplified situation).
The land cover unit is described as a discrete geometric feature whereas the land cover component is described as a parametric observation; also several LCCs can occur in combination with each other inside the containing land cover unit. Coming from the extension of the INSPIRE Land Cover specification the parametric observation is meant to store either the presence of a particular land cover type, a countable parameter (i.e. number of trees) or a percentage value indicating the covered area within the enclosed geometry.
The data model is expressed in UML and is visualized in a UML chart. It makes it possible to mirror the Land Cover Components from the matrix as UML elements into three main branches of UML-classes “ABIOTIC”, “VEGETATION/BIOTIC” and “WATER”. Any description of landscape unit or decomposing of a given land cover class (as part of a nomenclature) must start with the selection of one or more Land Cover Components
Figure 2: Simplified graphic on the EAGLE UML data model
The Land Use attributes are strongly related to the existing proposal of the Hierarchical INSPIRE Land Use Classes (HILUCS) and are not included explicitly in the EAGLE UML chart portrayal, but only mentioned through a linked relation. The LUA are attached to the Land Cover Unit.
The Characteristics, which can be chosen to describe further details of the Land Cover Components, are arranged around the Land Cover Components as additional boxes.
Depending on their applicability, they are only valid for specific part of the Land Cover Components and therefore are linked respectively. E.g. the attribute “soil sealing degree” can be applied for any abiotic spatial unit ( - even any biotic in theory), while e.g. the status attribute “clear cut” only relates to vegetation or abiotic natural surfaces materials. Other characteristics like “spatial landscape patterns” could be used to describe a spatial pattern composed by one element or a mosaic of several landscape components in larger scale.
The complete documentation of the UML data model can be found for downloading on the EAGLE web page in a separate document (EAGLE_datamodel_documentation_v2.3.pdf), the data model itself is provided in an Enterprise Architect file (EAGLE_model_v2.3.eap).
Under this heading follows the main part of the explanatory documentation. All three thematic blocks of the EAGLE model – the Land Cover Components, the Land Use Attributes, and the Characteristics – with their model elements are explained here in part I, part II and part III. Short definitions indicate their semantic content and meaning as well as their role within the data model. For an easier reading and navigation through the model, all elements (LCCs, LUAs, LCHs) are listed in a hierarchically numbered order, following a logical categorization with sub types. The sequence of elements (e.g. code list values) on the same heading level do not indicate any principle of dominance or first choice. The overall sequence of numbering mirrors the arrangement of matrix elements (as they are displayed there in the table columns, reading from left to right).
It is recommended to read the EAGLE matrix or UML chart of data model in parallel with this documentation for better understanding.
The LCC part aims at being mutually exclusive and exhaustive, meaning that any kind of land cover type can be expressed by a LCC or a combination of them. They are ordered and subdivided in a logical and hierarchical manner. Every level of LCC can be used as a modeling element to either semantically describe a class definition or to map landscape (e.g. biotic vegetated areas or woody vegetation or trees).
The LUA follow in principle the Hierarchical INSPIRE Land Use Classification System (HILUCS). In some cases the HILUCS classes have been extended or modified to fit the purpose of the EAGLE concept, e.g. being able to describe CLC classes with the EAGLE model.
The hierarchical number coding that originates from HILUCS classes is kept here in documentation (in addition the document-internal heading numbers); it shall help to find the corresponding classes in the INSPIRE data specifications of Land Use.
When referring to single items of groups of matrix elements we the following
· terminology: Blocks are the top Categories (LCC, LUA, LCH).
·
Segments are the thematically
grouped Elements (e.g. LCH land
management, spatial pattern, (bio‑)physical
characteristics, status etc.) as sub-categories under the three main blocks
(in UML terms called code lists and code lists). The segments can be of
different hierarchical levels of semantic aggregation or a more detailed
differentiation (sub-segments: e.g. LCH cultivation
practices, built-up patterns, water regime).
· Elements stand in the lowest hierarchy of the matrix (single column) under the segments, expressing a single type (coded value in UML terms, e.g. crop rotation, mosaic spatial pattern, salt water, burned areas).
1 Abiotic, Non-Vegetated Surfaces and Objects
Any unvegetated surfaces, either covered with man-made artificial
structures or geologically natural material surfaces (with or without
anthropogenic influence or impact).
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1.1 Artificial Surfaces and Constructions
All surfaces where
natural landscape has been changed by or is under influence of human
construction activities by replacing natural surfaces with artificial 2D/3D
constructions or abiotic artificial materials. Artificial parts of urban and
rural areas, where mankind has built settlement infrastructures.
Includes:
Sealed areas (buildings, other constructions and sealed flat surfaces) and
non-sealed areas (no buildings, artificial and unsealed).
Excludes:
Urban greenery may be artificial and under human maintenance and form part of
settlements, but after all it is vegetation and not to be placed here but under
LCC-2 Biotic Vegetation.
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1.1.1 Sealed Artificial Surfaces and Constructions
In the EAGLE
context Sealed Surface is seen as the
sole part of space that is covered with artificial constructions like a
building or surfaces like a pavement. Built-up areas in a narrow sense
(excluding associated non-sealed areas). Sealed Artificial Surface includes
therefore all impervious and sealed surfaces that are covered mainly by
buildings and artificial constructions (3D) or impervious surfaces (2D).
Excludes:
Non-sealed areas associated to the Artificial Surfaces and Constructions.
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Constructions
above ground that are intended or used for the shelter of humans, animals,
things, the production of economic goods or the delivery of services and that
refer to any structure permanently constructed or erected on its site (based on
INSPIRE Data Specification Buildings).
Covered by roof, of human origin, made of and covered by artificial material
(e.g. concrete, brick, metal) or natural material (e.g. rock, pale, soil/green
roof, wood).
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1.1.1.1.1 conventional buildings
The
conventional buildings generally are hosting human activities (residential,
industrial, commerce and services) and being of large or medium size (around
15-20 m2 and more). (INSPIRE TWG BU data specifications).
Includes:
e.g. dwelling houses, blocks of flats, city street blocks, stores,
supermarkets, office buildings, agricultural buildings, studs, farms,
industrial buildings.
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The
specific (significant) buildings are the buildings of significant size or
height with specific physical aspect that make them usable as landmarks and
required by use cases such as mapping or travel safety (INSPIRE TWG BU data
specifications).
Includes:
e.g. stadiums, churches, towers, greenhouses (Permanent or temporal
installation for crop plantation purposes, mainly with light material like
either glass or plastic folia).
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1.1.1.2 specific structures and facilities
Self-standing man-made
construction that is not considered a building and has a dimensional extension,
and typically stands on mainly sealed ground.
Includes:
e.g. bridges, antennae, cranes, chimneys, city walls, fences, monuments,
protective dikes and dams, pylons, transformers, power plants, refineries,
water sewage plants, recycling facilities, waste storage facilities,
bottom-sealed dumpsite, storage tanks, pipelines, solar panels.
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Flat surfaces
covered by any type of impervious material that is used for artificial surface
pavements (e.g. asphalt, concrete, tarmacadam).
Applicable for:
e.g. paved roads, parking lots, squares, storage areas, airport runways, quays,
sealed bottom pools, unvegetated cemeteries.
Excludes:
gravel
bed of railway track. It is an artificial surface but not impervious.
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1.1.2 Non-Sealed Artificial Surfaces
Any artificial areas which are not sealed
with built-up or non-built-up constructions. Non-sealed is here seen as
permeable to water. However, non-sealed in this sense can still mean that
vegetation is hindered to grow. Applies for areas, where the natural surface
has been replaced by artificial material, or for areas covered with natural
material which has been taken from its place of origin elsewhere and used here
for a man-made non-sealed (non-impervious) and non-built-up artificial surface.
Includes also waste materials.
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1.1.2.1 Open Non-Sealed Artificial Surfaces
Any open areas
where natural surface material has been replaced by artificial material or
natural material removed from its place of origin as result of human activity
forming a non-sealed (pervious) and non-built-up (basically flat) surface. Although
the surface may be compacted it still can be permeable for water. This
component also applies for semi-sealed (semi-pervious) surfaces like e.g. grass
pavers.
Applicable for:
Logistic and storage areas, festive squares, unpaved roads and parking lots,
unvegetated sport fields.
Includes:
Surfaces covered by e.g. gravel, pebble, crushed stone, compacted soil,
including non-sealed gravel railway tracks, grass pavers.
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Areas covered by
waste materials. Surfaces covered by e.g. household/communal/industrial waste.
Includes:
construction rubble, slag, cinder, metal, wood, dead organic material.
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Any kind of surface
material that remains in its natural consistence or form, either with or
without anthropogenic influence. Consolidated and unconsolidated surfaces.
Includes:
unvegetated rocky mountainous regions, sand, quarries and extraction sites,
etc.
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Consolidated Surfaces are natural stone
materials of geological origin free of vegetation cover that have continuous
solid surface and are less permeable to water compared to other natural surface.
As they are natural, this character is not supposed to be given for 100% of such
surfaces.
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The rock surface
is continuous except perhaps for a few cracks in the material. Some areas may
be covered by shallow layers of soil or there could be isolated pockets of soil
or a mixture of both. (ISO 19144-2 LCML, ISO/TC 211 N 3265, 2011-12-16, p.
104).
Includes:
e.g. solid (closed) rock formations, fresh lava flows, quarries, mineral
extraction sites, open pit mines.
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Hardpans are
particular soil layers or surfaces that have been indurated due to chemical or
physical processes. Their hardness at the surface is irreversible. They form
impenetrable layers for water and/or plant roots. In the context of LCML, these
layers are only described when occurring at the surface (ISO 19144-2 LCML,
ISO/TC 211 N 3265, 2011-12-16, p. 104).
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Any surface with
loose mineral particles of any size range, either as outcome of natural
physical sedimentation processes or human activity.
Includes:
E.g. mountain slope debris, glacier moraines, river pebble banks, beaches, sand
dunes, gravel bed of rail way tracks.
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Mineral Fragments
come to be through mainly physical disintegration of geological formations and are
the result of becoming smaller and smaller along time. They are accumulated on
site due to sedimentary processes or human activity. Further subdivision is
made according to their particle size and constellation.
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Big
mineral fragments, normally too heavy to be moved or carried a long distance by
human strength, can only be moved by gravitative processes, glaciers or heavy
floods, or stay on the spot till they further disintegrate. Particle size of
ca. 20 to 200 cm or bigger.
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1.2.2.1.2 pebbles, gravel, tuff
Middle
sized mineral fragments that are moved and accumulated through erosive and
sedimentary processes in geomorphological sense. The particle size ranges
between 2 cm and 20 cm.
Includes:
e.g. mountain slope debris, gravel river banks, open pit pebble mining of
fossil river banks or fluvial sediments, volcanic lapilli fields
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Small
and very small mineral fragments, loose and shifting sand and grit, can be
moved by aeolian erosion and moderate erosive water currencies. Particle size
between 0,06 mm and 2 cm.
Includes:
e.g. sand dunes, sand beaches, river sand banks, volcanic ash
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Very small mineral fragments, loose and shifting silt, clay
surfaces, can be moved by aeolian erosion and moderate erosive water
currencies. Particle size is below 0,06 mm.
Includes:
e.g. clay and silt flats, beaches, river sand banks, fine volcanic ash.
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1.2.2.1.5 mixed unsorted material
Unsorted mineral fragments ranging in size from silt-sized glacial
flour to large boulders most frequently unconsolidated debris of glacial origin
(moraines, till).
Includes:
e.g. any type of moraine formed by contemporary or former glaciers, any
unsorted glacial sediment - till
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Mixture of mineral and organic material that is fertile enough and
capable of sustaining plant life, but being unvegetated at the moment of
observation.
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Natural deposits are substrates that accumulate
either by processes of chemical sedimentation (in combination with evaporation
and crystallization) or by incomplete decay of biotic dead matter.
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Salt, gypsum and
other substrates as a residual of water evaporative processes.
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1.2.2.3.2 organic deposits, peat
Accumulated
partially decayed vegetation material (mostly Sphagnum moss, but also other plants) formed in wetland conditions,
where lack of oxygen slows down decomposition rate.
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2 Biotic, Vegetation
Any
vegetated land surface, either naturally grown, semi-natural or artificially
planted vegetation (e.g. crops, urban parks), with or without anthropogenic
influence. Vegetation is subdivided into further components based on plant life
forms i.e. woody, herbaceous, lichens/mosses.
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The distinction
of woody vegetation into broad leaved plants, needle leaved plants and palm
leaf plants can be done by combination with an attribute value of LCH Leaf Form under vegetation with the LCH phenology.
Further, the LCH Foliage Persistence can
indicate whether a woody plant species is deciduous or evergreen.
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Perennial
woody plant with single, self-supporting main stem or trunk, containing woody
tissue and branching into smaller branches and shoots.
Includes:
Needle-leaved, broad-leaved and palm-leaved forestry species, fruit trees,
ornamental trees.
Excludes:
Giant bamboo.
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Perennial woody
plants with shrub growth form i.e. multiple stems arising at or near the base,
height usually less than 5 meters. Leaf type can be needle leaf, broadleaf or
palm leaf, phenology either evergreen or deciduous, leaf surface type can be
regular or sclerophyllous.
Includes:
wild-growing and cultivated (agricultural, ornamental) species.
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Perennial
woody plants with multiple stems arising at or near the base, with an open and
spreading growth form, height is usually less than 5 meters.
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Short woody plants characterized by chamaephyte (dwarf-shrub/subshrub) growth form, bearing their buds on persistent shoots close to the ground, usually no more than 25 centimeters. Applicable for stress-tolerant plant groups, making up alpine, arctic or dry ecosystems, growing on nutrient- poor, often acidic soils or rock; also for prostrate shrubs, whose branches lie upon or just above the ground usually because of strong wind.
Includes: heathland/tundra
species of e.g. the Calluna, Erica, Vaccinum, Salix groups, Mediterranean
dwarf- shrub-form species such as Thymus, Lavander, Rosmarinus, alpine species
of e.g. Rhododendron, Leontopodium.
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Annual, biennial
or perennial plants that do not have a persistent woody stem above the ground (grass-like,
forbs, ferns; in botanical term: herb). In contrary to woody plants, which have
stems above ground that remain alive during the dormant season and grow shoots
the next year from the above-ground parts, shoots of herbaceous plant die down
at the end of growing season, so they regenerate themselves from tissues left
above or under the ground (e.g. bulbs, rhizomes, tubers, seeds).
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Grasses, or more
technically graminoids, are monocotyledonous, usually herbaceous plants with
narrow leaves growing from the base. They include the true grasses, of the
Poaceae (or Gramineae) family, as well as the sedges (Cyperaceae) and the
rushes (Juncaceae). The true grasses include cereals, bamboo and the grasses of lawns (turf) and
grassland. Sedges include many wild marsh and grassland plants, and some
cultivated ones. Belonging here regardless of being wild-growing - forming
natural grasslands or being component of other biomes (e.g. wetlands, forest,
tundra) or cultivated – forming cropland (arable, meadow, pasture) or grass
surfaces / lawn for sports / recreation.
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2.2.1.1 grasses, sedges, rushes, cereals
Annual or perennial graminoid plants, naturally growing or
cultivated, with potential height not exceeding 2 meter.
Excludes: reeds and bamboo.
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2.2.1.1.1 poaceae, grasses, cereals
Annual or perennial graminoid plants, naturally growing or
cultivated, with potential height not exceeding 2 meter. Normally growing on
mesic to dry soils, having hollow stalks with knots.
Includes: most grass species and cereals (e.g. wheat, barley, maize, rice).
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2.2.1.1.2 Cyperaceae, Sedges, Rushes
Growing
predominantly on wet soils, peat producers, mostly perennial with a grassy
habit. The stalks are usually massive, rarely knotted and triangular.
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Perennial graminoid
plants potentially capable of reaching > 2 m height.
Includes:
common reed (Phragmites australis), high-growing bamboo species, tall
bulrushes and sedges, sugar cane.
Special case giant bamboo:
The giant bamboo reeds grow significantly higher (10-40 m) than one would
expect from “normal” herbaceous vegetation types. Therefore, areas where giant
bamboo is growing are often addressed as “forest” areas, because of the sheer
height of the plants. The habitat type is different from normal herbaceous
plants, as there can be a second layer understory growth like in tree forests
underneath and in the shadow of the bamboo “canopy”. In such cases, it is
important to enter the height of objects as a parameter in the EAGLE matrix /
model (see LCH ) for a clear distinction and to flexibly include or exclude
such areas from target classes according to any given classification system. Giant
bamboo areas might be included to “Forest” areas respectively might be excluded
from classes like “Grasslands”, although biologically speaking bamboo belongs
to herbaceous vegetation.
2.2.2 Non-graminoids, forbs, ferns
Naturally growing or cultivated herbaceous plants that are not
graminoids, basically forbs and ferns. Many arable crop types – apart from
cereals – are non-graminoid plants.
Includes: e.g. sunflower, vegetables, dry pulses, hop, strawberries, oil crops.
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Water-retaining
plants adapted to dry climatic conditions by storing water in their leaves,
stems and roots, called succulents or fat plants. They occur in steppe and
semi-desert, alpine conditions, but also on soils with high mineral (salt)
content, such as seashores, salt lakes, salt marshes. Applicable for indigenous
as well as for introduced species.
Includes:
cacti, agave, species of Crassulaceae, Sempervivum, Sedum groups, succulent
halophytes (salt- tolerant plants) e.g. Salicornia.
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Composite
organisms formed by a symbiotic relationship of a fungus and a photosynthetic
partner (usually green algae or cyanobacteria).
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Non-vascular
plants in the land plant division Bryophyta. They are small (a few centimeters
tall) herbaceous (non-woody) plants that absorb water and nutrients mainly
through their leaves and but also photosynthesize.
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Algae are a very
large group of different eukaryotic plant organisms that usually live in a
habitat under or close to the water surface. There are also some algae that
live on solid ground like rocks or tree stems in sufficiently humid micro
climate conditions. From a biological perspective it is difficult to group them
systematically, which is out of scope here. They can have all kinds of
different plant sizes and growth forms. For this data model it seems reasonable
to distinguish between macro algae like
seaweeds and kelp that have similar twig-like shape to terrestrial plants, and micro
algae.
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Macro algae are water plants that grow in a twig-like manner with “leaves” and
reach a certain size. The plants can reach several meters of length. They grow
either rooted under water and/or are floating on the water surface. Seaweed or
kelp are also commonly used terms for macro algae.
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Micro algae are organisms normally bound to water in the form of uni-cellular or
small multi-cellular organisms or clusters. They can also grow in terrestrial
surrounding on solid surfaces like rocks or tree stems.
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The chemical
substance of H2O, either in liquid or in frozen solid state of aggregation.
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3.1 Liquid Water Bodies
Water
(H2O) in liquid state of aggregation regardless of location, shape, salinity
and origin (natural or artificial). This element applies for at least to some
extend stable formations, that may or may not be permanently filled with water.
Whether it is a permanent or only episodic or periodic water body can be
further described with the Water Regime segment under Land Characteristics of
LCH block in EAGLE matrix.
Excludes: During flood events temporarily flooded areas, which are normally
occupied with other Land Cover Components and which are not part of the water
body bed, are not considered a water body.
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All
kinds of water surfaces on the inland with no direct interference or
interchange with open sea water, regardless of salinity and origin (natural or
artificial).
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Water surfaces
in fluent state.
Includes: rivers, streams, creeks, channels, waterways.
Special case Estuary:
Estuaries is not represented within the EAGLE model as an explicit LCC. It is
more a geographical term than a LCC, and moreover rather difficult to delineate.
Also, how to categorize an estuary as coastal water / transitional water /
marine water depends somehow on the users perspective.
However, the EAGLE group suggests to describe an estuary with LCC water course
in combination with water characteristics (salinity, tidal influence).
Basically, the water course is the primary source and reason for the existence
of an estuary. Therefore it is considered reasonable to use LCC water course.
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Water surfaces
of non-flowing water, mainly lakes and ponds, or cut-off river meanders.
Includes: natural lakes (both freshwater and salty), fishponds, man-made
reservoirs, oxbow lakes, pools with non-sealed bottom, irrigation ponds, ponds
for artificial snow production, rivers dammed for hydroelectric power
production, ponds for firefighting.
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Open sea, zone
seaward of the average high tide line. May stand under tidal influence, forming
intertidal flats along cost lines.
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Solid water is H2O in frozen form.
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Snow cover that
persists throughout the year, above or beyond the climatic snow line (nival
zone).
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Persistent ice
cover formed by accumulation and compaction of snow over time.
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This matrix block contains all kinds of land use types, here called Land Use Attributes (LUA). It is best to select the lowest possible land use type, as far as information about it is available. Still, they can be selected on any higher hierarchical level if the lowest more detailed level is not known. Also, they can occur in combinations. Technically speaking, their cardinality is 1..n (one to many).
Areas where the
production of goods is directly based on local natural resources. The primary
sector transforms natural resources into primary products. Most products from
this sector are either raw materials for other industries (e.g. food, metal,
wood industry), or are directly consumed by end- users. Major subsectors of
primary production are agriculture, animal husbandry, agribusiness, fishing,
forestry and mining and quarrying activities. Areas where the manufacturing
industries aggregate, package, purify or process the primary products close to
the primary producers are to be included, especially if the raw material is
unsuitable for sale or difficult to transport long distances.
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Production of
crop (plants, fungi, etc.) and animal products for food, for sale, own
consumption or industrial purposes. It includes plants for biofuels and growing
of crops in open fields as well as in greenhouses. Also set-aside fallow land
in the crop rotation belongs to this class. The preparation of products for the
primary markets is included, field construction (e.g. agricultural land
terracing, drainage, preparing rice paddies etc.) as well as landscape care and
maintenance.
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1_1_1_Commercial Crop Production
Arable land,
permanent crops and grasslands in agricultural use (both sown and self-seeded
grasslands, in open land as well as in greenhouses). The products can be used
for human or animal feed, for bio-energy production or industrial purposes.
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Farm dwellings, animal husbandry infrastructure (animal dwellings
and processing facilities linked to farms), manure storage and other farming
infrastructure (e.g. buildings linked to plant handling and processing in
farms).
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This sub-class applies for animal dwelling and shelter, also for
organized feeding. It includes raising of mammals, birds, land mollusks,
insects.
[EAGLE extension, not in HILUCS]
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This sub-class applies for storage areas or buildings like maize
silage or barns. [EAGLE extension, not in HILUCS]
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1_1_2_3_Other farming infrastructure
This sub-class applies for farming infrastructure that is not for
animal dwelling, or storage, but for plant handling and processing and similar
processes.
[EAGLE extension, not in HILUCS]
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1_1_3_Production For Own Consumption
Production of
plants or animals for own consumption (kitchen gardens, private animal sheds
etc.)
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Production of
round wood and other wood based primary products. Besides the production of timber,
forestry activities result in products that undergo little processing, such as
firewood, charcoal and round wood used in an unprocessed form (e.g. pit-props,
pulpwood etc.). Forest tree nurseries, storage and transport areas linked to
logging trees and woody plants for bio fuels are also included. These
activities can be carried out in natural or planted forests.
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Mining and
quarrying in the form of the extraction of minerals and materials occurring
naturally as solids (coal, ores, gravel, sand, salt), liquids (petroleum),
gases (natural gas) or biomass (peat). Extraction can be achieved by different
methods such as underground or surface mining or extraction, well operation
etc. Originally, in the HILUCS classes this use type was subdivided into three
subtypes according to the criteria of mining products, which have been moved to
the LCH block in the EAGLE matrix.
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This class
includes professional fishing and aquaculture.
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This class
includes areas used for fish hatcheries and managed grow-out sites, as well as
for amphibians, crocodiles, water mollusks.
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1_4_2_Professional Wild Fishery
This class includes water areas used for
professional (off-shore) fishing of wild living seafood.
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Professional
hunting, gathering of wild growing non-wood forestry products, husbandry of
migratory animals and any other primary production not included in the values
1_1_Agriculture, 1_2_Forestry, 1_3_MiningAndQuarrying,
1_4_AquacultureAndFishing or any of their narrower values.
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This class
includes areas used for professional hunting. The areas can be fenced or open.
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1_5_2_Management Of Migratory Animals
Areas used for
keeping and feeding migratory animals such as reindeer and deer.
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1_5_3_Picking Natural Products
Areas which are used for picking up natural non wood based products
such as not cultivated berries, mosses, lichen etc.) for commercial purposes.
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This class indicates that a certain area
is used for honey making, with one or more bee populations present. Similar to
hunting or fishing it is difficult to delineate the outer boundary if it.
[EAGLE extension, not in HILUCS]
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2_Secondary Production Sector
Industrial and
manufacturing activities which take the output of the primary sector and
manufacture finished goods and intermediate products for other business. This
class also includes the storage and transport areas linked directly to
manufacturing activities. The branches of industries covered by this class are
the processing of: food, textile, leather, wood and wood product, pulp, paper,
publishing, printing, recording, petroleum and other fuels, chemicals, chemical
products, man-made fibres, rubber and plastic products, non-metallic mineral
products, basic metals and metal products, fabricated metal product, machinery
and equipment, electrical and optical equipment, transport equipment and
furniture.
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The three subtypes of secondary production sector in HILUCS (raw,
heavy end, light end production) have received here an intermediate LUA heading
in EAGLE matrix, embracing them three altogether, which differs here from
original HILUCS structure.
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This class
includes the industrial activities transforming the output primary sector into
manufactured raw products.
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2_1_1_1_Manufacturing Textile Products
This class includes areas used for
the preparation and spinning of textile fibres, sewing threads, textile weaving,
and for the tanning and dressing of leather.
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2_1_1_2_Manufacturing Wood-Based Products
This class includes the areas used
for wood and wood-based products like sawmilling and planning of wood,
manufacturing of veneer sheets, plywood, laming boards, fibre boards, carpentry
and joinery, cork, straw and plaiting products.
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2_1_1_3_Manufacturing Pulp And Paper Products
This class includes the areas used
for the manufacturing of pulp, paper, paperboard, paper based sanitary goods,
wallpapers.
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2_1_1_4_Manufacturing Coke, Petroleum And Nuclear Fuels
This class includes
the areas used for the manufacturing of coke, refined petroleum and processing
of nuclear fuel.
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2_1_1_5_Manufacturing Chemical Products and Synthetic Fibres
This class
includes the areas used for the manufacturing of basic chemicals,
agro-chemicals, paints, pharmaceuticals, soap, detergents, glues, other
chemical products and man-made synthetic fibres.
Excludes:
Natural fibre production like out of cotton, flax, hemp, linen.
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2_1_1_6_Manufacturing Metallic Products
This class
includes the areas used for the manufacturing, processing and casting of iron,
steel and basic precious and non-ferrous metals. It also includes the manufacturing
of metal products.
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2_1_1_7_Manufacturing Nonmetallic Mineral Products
Manufacturing of glass, bricks,
ceramics, concrete, cement, lime, plaster, cutting and shaping of stone and other
non-metallic mineral products.
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2_1_1_8_Manufacturing Rubber And Plastic Products
Areas used for
manufacturing of tyres, tubes, plastic packing goods and other rubber and
plastic products.
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2_1_1_9_Manufacturing Other Raw Materials
Areas for the production of raw materials
not included in any other of the narrower values of 2_1_RawIndustry.
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2_1_2_Heavy End Product Industry
Areas used for
activities transforming raw manufactured products into heavy manufactured
products.
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2_1_2_1_Manufacturing Machinery Products
Manufacturing of machines for production,
agricultural, forestry and other purposes (excluding aircrafts and vehicles),
manufacturing of weapons, ammunition and domestic appliances.
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2_1_2_2_Manufacturing Vehicles And Transport Equipment
This class includes the areas used for the
manufacturing of motor vehicles and transport equipment like aircrafts, space
crafts, ships, boats, railway and tramway equipment, motorcycles, bicycles and
other transport equipment.
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2_1_2_3_Manufacturing Other Heavy End Products
Production of other
heavy end products not included in any other of the narrower values of
2_2_HeavyEndProductIndustry.
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2_1_3_Light End Product Industry
Areas used for activities
transforming raw manufactured products into light manufactured products.
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2_1_3_1_Manufacturing Food, Beverages And Tobacco Products
This class includes areas used for the
manufacturing of meat, fish, fruit and vegetables, oils and fats or derived
products, dairy products, grain mill and starch products, prepared animal
feeds, other food products, beverages and tobacco products.
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2_1_3_2_Manufacturing Clothes And Leather Products
Manufacturing of wearing apparel, leather
clothes, dressing, accessories, dyeing of fur and manufacturing of fur
products, luggage, bags, saddles and footwear.
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2_1_3_3_Publishing, Printing, Reproduction of Recorded Media
This class includes the areas used for
publishing and printing of books, newspapers, journals and the publishing and
reproduction of sound recordings.
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2_1_3_4_Manufacturing Electrical, Precision And Optical Equipment
This class includes the areas used for the
manufacturing of office machinery, computers, motors, generators, electricity
distribution and control apparatus, wires and cables, accumulators, batteries,
lamps, radios, TVs, phones, electronic valves and tubes, medical, precision and
optical instruments, watches and other electrical and optical equipment.
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2_1_3_5_Manufacturing Other Light End Products
This class includes
the manufacturing of furniture, jewelry, musical instruments, sports goods, games,
toys and other miscellaneous products.
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This class
includes the areas used for production of (electric or heat) energy.
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2_2_1_Nuclear Based Energy Production
This class
includes areas where nuclear power plants are operated.
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2_2_2_Fossil Fuel Based Energy Production
Power plants
using fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas, peat and other fossil fuels).
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2_2_2_1_Coal And Lignite Based Energy Production
Power plants using coal or lignite as
combustion material. [EAGLE extension, not in HILUCS]
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2_2_2_2_Mineral Oil Based Energy Production
Power plants using mineral oil as
combustion material. [EAGLE extension, not in HILUCS]
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2_2_2_3_Mineral Gas Based Energy Production
Power plants using gas as combustion
material. [EAGLE extension, not in HILUCS]
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2_2_2_4_Peat And Other Fossil Fuel Based Energy Production
Power plants using peat and others as
combustion material. [EAGLE extension, not in HILUCS]
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2_2_3_Biomass Based Energy Production
Combustion power
plants using biomass based fuels (wood and other plant based solid and liquid
fuels, biogas and other biofuels).
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2_2_4_Renewable Energy Production
Hydro-, solar,
wind, thermal (aero, geo and hydro), tidal, wave etc. energy and other
renewable energy (except biomass energy, which is covered by the value 2_2_3_BiomassBasedEnergyProduction).
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2_2_4_1_Water Based Energy Production
This class applies for areas that are
used to produce electric energy allowing water currents in rivers or falling
water from higher positioned reservoirs to spin water turbines. [EAGLE
extension, not in HILUCS]
Excludes:
Tidal wave based energy production
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2_2_4_2_Solar Based Energy Production
This class applies for areas that are
used to produce electric or heat energy by collection the sun`s insolation
energy with photovoltaic panels or fluid-based heat sun collectors. This class
can apply both for solid ground or floating on water. [EAGLE extension, not in
HILUCS]
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2_2_4_3_Wind Based Energy Production
This class applies for areas (inland or
off-shore) that are used to produce electric energy by allowing atmospheric air
currents to spin propeller driven wind turbines. [EAGLE extension, not in
HILUCS]
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2_2_4_4_Geo-Thermal Based Energy Production
This class applies for areas that are
used to produce thermal or electric energy by making use of the rising ground
temperature in the Earth`s crust. [EAGLE extension, not in HILUCS]
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2_2_4_5_Tide Based Energy Production
This class applies for areas in coastal
zones that are used to produce electric energy by making use of the water
currents caused by tidal waves and flows to spin turbines. [EAGLE extension,
not in HILUCS]
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2_2_5_Waste Combustion Based Energy Production
This class includes areas where energy is
produced by burning waste. [EAGLE extension, not in HILUCS]
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Production of other industrial products not included in any other of
the narrower values of 2_SecondaryProduction.
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3_Tertiary Services Sector
Services that
are products for other businesses and consumers both private and public
services. It encompasses whole sale and retail trade, repair services, hotels
and restaurants, financial services, real estate, business services, rental
services, public administration, defense and social security, education, health
and social work and other community, social and personal services.
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This class
includes the areas used for the provision of commercial services
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3_1_1_Wholesale, Retail Trade, Repair Of Vehicles And Household Goods
Wholesale and
retail sale of motor vehicles, fuel, agricultural raw materials, live animals,
ores, metals, chemicals, timber , machinery, ships, furniture, household goods,
textiles, food, beverages, tobacco products, pharmaceutical products, second
hand goods, other products, waste and scrap. This class also includes the
repair of vehicles, personal and household goods.
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This class
includes the areas used for the provision of real estate and renting services.
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3_1_3_Accommodation And Food Services
This class includes the areas used for provision of hotel, holiday
village, camping site, restaurant, bar and canteen services.
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3_1_4_Other Commercial Services
Other commercial services not included in any other of the narrower
values of 3_1_CommercialServices, such as beauty and wellbeing services.
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3_2_Financial, Professional And Information Services
This class
includes areas used for the provision of financial, professional or information
services.
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3_2_1_Financial And Insurance Services
This class
includes the areas used for the provision of banking, credit, insurance, and
other financial services.
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3_2_2_Professional, Technical And Scientific Services
This class
includes the areas used for the provision of IT consulting, data processing,
research and development, legal, accountancy, business management,
architectural, engineering, advertising, testing, investigation, consulting,
research, development and other professional services.
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3_2_3_Information And Communication Services
This class
includes the areas used for the provision of publishing, sound recording,
TV-programme, motion picture, radio broadcasting, post and telecommunication,
computer and data processing services.
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3_2_4_Administrative And Support Services
This class
includes the areas used for the provision of travel agency, rental, cleaning,
security and other administrative and support services.
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3_2_5_Other Financial Professional And Information Services
Other financial,
professional and information services not included in any other of the narrower
values of 3_2_FinancialProfessionalAndInformationServices.
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This class
includes the areas used for the provision of services for the community.
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3_3_1_Public Administration, Defense, Justice, Public Security
This class includes the areas used for the provision of generic
administrative, defense, justice, public security, fire and compulsory social
security services.
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3_3_2_Science, Research, Education
This class
includes the areas used for the provision of primary, secondary, higher, adult
and other educational services.
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3_3_3_Health And Social Services
This class includes the areas used for the provision of human and
animal health and social work services.
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This class
includes the areas used for the provision of religious services.
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This class applies for churches, mosques,
synagogues, and other house types of confession. This use type can include
administrative buildings, mostly associated to the church, synagogue etc.
itself.
[EAGLE extension, not in HILUCS]
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This class applies for monasteries where
a group of people (mostly men and women separate, but not necessarily) live and
organized themselves to dedicate their life time to the practicing of their
religion according to certain religious principles and rituals.
[EAGLE extension, not in HILUCS]
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This class applies for cemeteries of all
kinds of confession, as well as historical cemeteries. [EAGLE extension, not in
HILUCS]
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3_3_5_Other Community Services
This class
includes areas used for other community services (e.g. cemeteries).
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3_4_Cultural, Entertainment And Recreational Services
This class
includes the areas used for the provision of cultural, entertainment or
recreational services.
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This class
includes the provision of artistic, library, museum, zoos, botanical gardens,
historical sites and other cultural services.
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3_4_1_1_Indoor Cultural Service
This class includes the provision of
indoor cultural services such as libraries, museums, theatres.
[EAGLE extension, not in HILUCS].
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3_4_1_2_Outdoor Cultural Service
This class includes the provision of
outdoor cultural services like e.g. zoos, botanical gardens.
[EAGLE extension, not in HILUCS]
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This class
includes the provision of entertainment services like amusement parks, theme
parks, betting and gambling activities (casinos) and other entertainment
services.
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This class includes the areas used for the provision of sports
infrastructure, such as stadiums, sports halls, swimming pools, fitness
facilities, ski resorts, golf courses and other sports infrastructure.
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This class applies for golf courses.
(EAGLE extension, has been added as
EAGLE-extension to HILUCS code list in UML model)
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This class applies for ski pistes. A ski
piste is part of a slope for the execution of wintersport of alpine skiing, but
also other for the usage of other sliding devices on snow surface like now
boarding.
[EAGLE extension, not in HILUCS]
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This class applies for outdoor race courses
like car race courses, bike courses, moto-cross or mountain bike courses, horse
race course, skate parks.
[EAGLE extension, not in HILUCS]
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This class includes the areas of sports
halls which have at least the size as a whole to perform team ball games like
basketball, volleyball, handball etc.
[EAGLE extension, not in HILUCS]
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This class includes the areas of
stadiums, where a sports ground (turf, sand, artificial grass etc.) is
surrounded by roofed or non-roofed tribunes for audience.
[EAGLE extension, not in HILUCS]
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This class includes the areas of indoor
swimming halls or outdoor swimming pools.
[EAGLE extension, not in HILUCS]
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This class applies for
sport fields where outdoor sports are practiced. It is not roofed, and is not
surrounded by a tribune structure, like it would be in a stadium.
[EAGLE extension, not in HILUCS]
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3_4_3_8_Fitness club
This class applies for indoor
sports and fitness clubs (boxing, wrestling, fighting, body workouts,
gymnastics etc.).
Excludes:
It is different from sport halls which have at least the size as a whole to
perform team ball games like basketball, volleyball, handball etc.
[EAGLE extension, not in HILUCS]
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3_4_3_9_Yachtharbour, sport boat marina
This class applies for land
areas that belong to a sport boat harbor. It can also be applied to the water area
(harbor basin) that belongs to it.
[EAGLE extension, not in HILUCS]
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3_4_4_Open Air Recreational Areas
This class includes open air recreational areas e.g. urban parks,
playgrounds, national parks, and natural areas used for recreational purposes
(e.g. forests, heathland, moors, mountains, agricultural areas, ponds, lakes,
rivers).
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3_4_4_1_Urban Greenery, City Parks, Playgrounds
This class includes open air recreational
areas e.g. urban greenery, parks, playgrounds.
[EAGLE extension, not in HILUCS]
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3_4_4_2_(Semi-)Natural Areas Used For Recreation
This class includes open air recreational
areas e.g. national parks and natural areas used for recreational purposes
(e.g. forests, heathland, moors, mountains, agricultural areas, ponds, lakes,
rivers).
[EAGLE extension, not in HILUCS]
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3_4_5_Other Recreational Services
Other recreational services not included in any of the other
narrower values of 3_4_CulturalEntertainmentAndRecreationalServices.
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This class includes small-parceled city
gardens that can be used for subsistence, but mainly are used for leisure and
recreational purpose.
[EAGLE extension, not in HILUCS]
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This class is applicable for water areas (ponds,
lakes, rivers) and associated land used for amateur or hobby fishing. It
basically addresses inland areas. [EAGLE extension, not in HILUCS]
Excludes:
Off-shore fishing activities, be it professional or amateur.
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This
class includes the areas used for the provision of other services not included
in parts 3.1-3.4 of HILUCS.
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4_Transport Networks, Logistics, Utilities
Basic
infrastructure and networks of the society. All the other sectors are using the
infrastructure and networks to produce the goods and services and they are also
vital for residential areas. It includes land used for water supply,
collection, treatment and recycling of sewage and waste, transport, networks,
storage and communication.
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This class
includes the infrastructure related to transport.
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4_1_1_Road Network
This class
includes the areas used for road transport e.g. roads, parking areas, service
stations.
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4_1_2_Railway Network
This class
includes the areas used for rail transport e.g. rails, railway stations and
yards etc.
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This class
includes the areas used for air transport e.g. airports and related services.
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This class
includes the areas used for water transport e.g. ports, rivers, docks and
related services.
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4_1_5_Other Transportation Networks
Areas used for other transport not included in any of the other
narrower values of 4_1_TransportNetworks.
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This class includes areas used for the
storing of industrial or trading goods, which are not directly connected and associated
to industrial areas. It includes as well the installations that are needed to
facilitate the logistics and storage.
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This class
includes the infrastructure related to utilities.
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4_3_1_Power Distribution Services
This class includes the areas used for the distribution of
electricity, gas and thermal energy. This class includes the pipelines used for
transporting mineral oil and gas.
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4_3_1_1_Electricity Distribution
This class addresses the areas used for
the distribution of electricity.
[EAGLE extension, not in HILUCS]
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4_3_1_2_Gas Distribution
This class addresses the areas used for
the distribution of gas.
[EAGLE extension, not in HILUCS]
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4_3_1_3_Thermal Energy Distribution
This class addresses the areas used for
the distribution of thermal heat.
[EAGLE extension, not in HILUCS]
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4_3_2_Water And Sewage Infrastructure
This class includes the areas used for the extraction, collection,
purification storage and distribution of water and collection and treatment of
sewage (including the pipelines).
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4_3_2_1_Drinking Water Facilities
This class applies for facilities and associated areas that are
dedicated to the extraction and treatment, storage and distribution of drinking
water.
[EAGLE extension, not in HILUCS]
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4_3_2_2_Sewage Water Treatment
This class applies for water sewage facilities and associated areas
that are dedicated to the treatment of waste water.
[EAGLE extension, not in HILUCS]
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4_3_2_3_Water Runoff Retention Basin
This class applies for water basins with the intention to hold back
water run off in a water course. The aim is here to lower the hazard of
flooding.
[EAGLE extension, not in HILUCS]
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4_3_2_4_Artificial Snow Water Pond
This class applies for water ponds that are maintained to store
water for the production of artificial snow in ski resort areas.
[EAGLE extension, not in HILUCS]
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4_3_2_5_Irrigation And Fire Fighting Water Pond
This class applies for water basins that store water for the purpose
of fire extinction or for the irrigation of agricultural (or even forest) land.
[EAGLE extension, not in HILUCS]
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This
class includes the areas used for the collection, treatment and recycling of
waste (dumpsites, waste incineration, composting, hazardous waste treatment and
recycling facilities).
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This class applies for areas used for the
collection and deposit of waste.
[EAGLE extension, not in HILUCS]
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Waste material which has a contaminating
effect on the environment or people, causes damage to nature of
life-threatening health problems and needs to be handled and managed in special
containments and/or sealed waste deposit sites. Practically and unfortunately
such waste material can also occur without appropriate protective measures.
What is and what is not considered as hazardous waste also depends on national legal
definitions [EAGLE extension, not in HILUCS]
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4_3_3_1_2_inert or non-hazardous waste
Waste material which does not have a
dangerous effect on the environment or people (e.g. construction rubble and
normal household waste). [EAGLE extension, not in HILUCS]
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This class includes the areas used for
the recycling of waste or used material that is prepared to be re-introduced to
a product life cycle. This material for example can be paper, all kinds of
plastic packaging and plastic bottles, glasses, but also biomass or biological
waste turned into humus.
[EAGLE extension, not in HILUCS]
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This class
includes areas used for other utilities not included in the classes 4.3.
Utilities.
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This class
includes areas used dominantly for housing of people. The forms of housing vary
significantly between, and through, residential areas. These areas include
single family housing, multi-family residential, or mobile homes in cities,
towns and rural districts if they are not linked to primary production. It
permits high density land use and low density uses. This class also includes
residential areas mixed with other non-conflicting uses and other residential
areas (e.g. temporarily used areas).
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This area
includes residential areas dominated by houses of any size (detached houses
surrounded by gardens and/or yards, a mix of single houses, semi-detached
houses, terraced houses, town houses, row houses and blocks of flats, high
raised houses) used as permanent residence.
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5_2_Residential Use With Other Compatible Uses
This class includes residential areas mixed with other
non-conflicting uses (e.g. various services, light industries etc.).
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This class includes areas dominantly for temporary dwellings (camps
of migrant people), holiday residences (summer cottages), etc.
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5_3_1_Temporary Residential, Permanent Structure
This class includes areas
for holiday residences (summer cottages), etc.
[EAGLE extension, not in HILUCS]
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5_3_2_Temporary Dwelling, Non-permanent Structure
This class includes areas dominated e.g.
by areas used for temporary dwellings like refugee camps or for migrant people.
[EAGLE extension, not in HILUCS]
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This class includes areas dominated
informal dwelling structures like slums, favelas etc. that appear inside or at
the outskirts of bigger cities and agglomerations. Basically, they are
constructed outside any legal or planning framework, but due to strong
settlement pressure and lack of alternatives, these areas over time become
“quasi-permanent” settlement areas.
[EAGLE extension, not in HILUCS]
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Areas not included
in the values 1_PrimaryProduction, 2_SecondaryProduction, 3_TertiaryProduction,
4_TransportNetworksLogisticsAndUtilities, 5_ResidentialUse or any of their
narrower values. Areas under construction are included here.
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6_1_Transitional Areas Under Construction
This class includes areas under construction. This class should be
used only for existing land use and not for planned land use.
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6_3_Areas Not In Any Economic Use
This class
includes areas which are in natural state and without other economic use.
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This class includes areas which are used
for flood protection purposes, e.g. polder which can be flooded on purpose to
lower the peak inundation wave of a river stream.
[EAGLE extension, not in HILUCS]
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This matrix block contains all kinds of land characteristics (LCH) that further describe and give more detailed aspects and information to either land cover elements, land use types, or more general geographic properties or geometric and temporal parameters. These characteristics are also structured hierarchically in many segments, which have their own heading. The order of LCH relates roughly to the sequence of LCC (Abiotic, Biotic, Water) and LUA (Land Management = Agriculture, Forestry, Mining, etc.) as they appear listed in the matrix, followed by and more neutral aspects like status, spatial patterns, geometric and temporal object characters.
Data type: integer percentage value
The parameter for soil
sealing degree indicates the proportion of sealed surface in relation to a
given spatial unit that it refers to. The soil sealing degree is therefore
express with percentage values. An example for such a dataset is the Copernicus
product High Resolution Layer for Imperviousness (“Soil Sealing”).
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Data type: code list
The category of built-up patterns describes the size and
distribution of buildings in space. Five different variations of built-up
patterns can be distinguished.
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1.2.1 scattered single houses, discontinuous
Data type: code list value
The area characterized with this built-up pattern contains some few
buildings, which are distributed in space with clear distance between them. The
houses are not dominant features in the area. This character is meant to be
applied in sparsely populated rural areas.
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1.2.2 single blocks, discontinuous
Data type: code list value
The area characterized with
this built-up pattern contains buildings of large size with several floors and
can have more than one entry door. The need for efficient usage of space for
apartments or offices results often in the being built high. The buildings
normally have some free space in between them for day light and fresh air
circulation. Typically these block buildings occur in urban agglomeration zones
and give housing or office room for a relatively high number (hundreds and
more) of persons. An extreme example is a sky-scraper.
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1.2.3 suburban row houses, terraced, semi-detached houses
Data type: code list value
This built-up pattern occurs mainly in suburban parts of
settlements. A significant part of the parcel is occupied by house gardens. The
front of houses may be closely constructed, but the bigger part of the total
area is not sealed.
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1.2.4 city street blocks, closed front
Data type: code list value
This built-up pattern
occurs mainly in city centers and densely populated city quarters. A street
block is here considered as the area surrounded by streets on all sides. The
street block is continuously filled with buildings side to side along the
street. Typically, the houses have 2 or more stores. The house fronts along the
streets closed with buildings with no room between them. Also the backyards are
mainly occupied with sealed surfaces. Some vegetated parts may occur in the
inner part of the block.
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1.2.5 large complex buildings, big halls
Data type: code list value
This kind of building type embraces very large buildings which cover
several thousands of square meters and are mainly stand-alone objects, or parts
of large industrial areas.
Examples: football stadium, congress hall, Cathedral, airport terminals, train
stations etc.
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Data type: code list
In this character type the
nature of a building is expressed. It is based on the INSPIRE data
specifications on buildings (BU) and addresses building sub-types like arch,
bunker, canopy, castle, cave building, chapel, church, greenhouse, lighthouse,
mosque, shed, silo, stadium, synagogue, temple, tower, windmill. The list can
be extended.
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1.3.1 Building Nature Value
Data type: code list value
This character is connected
to LCC 1.1.1.1.2 Specific buildingsSpecific buildings and can be used to further describe it. For practical reasons the code
list values from INSPIRE theme Buildings are not listed here entirely.
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Data type: code list
In this character type the
nature of artificial constructions other than buildings is expressed. It is
based on the INSPIRE data specifications on OtherConstructionNatureValue and
addresses construction types like acoustic fence, antenna, bridge, dam,
chimney, city wall, crane, storage tank, monument, open air pool, protective
structure, pylon, retaining wall, solar panel, substation, tunnel, wind turbine.
The list can be extended.
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1.4.1 Other Construction Nature Value
Data type: code list value
This character is connected
to LCC 1.1.1.2 specific structures and facilitiesspecific
structures and facilities and can
be used to further describe it. For practical reasons the code list values from
INSPIRE theme Buildings are not listed here entirely.
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1.5 Artificial Surface Material Type
Data type: code list
This category contains a list of man-made surface material, which
are common in urban and settlement fabric. It is basically meant to address
soil sealing materials and roof materials. As some material both can occur on
the ground and on roofs, the code list shall be used for both possible
locations. In terms of data model relations, these characters are supposed to
be used either in connection with LCCs of Sealed or Non-Sealed Artificial
Surfaces. The list contains categories and sub types, which both can be used as
a value to characterize an LCC, depending on available information details about
the material itself.
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Data type: code list value
Mineral Compounds are artificial
materials made out of mined earthen matter that is processed by mixing several
components and/or adding water or heat.
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Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Ceramic is a form of burnt clay minerals, which is used e.g. for tiles or bricks.
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
1.5.1.5 non-asbestos fibre cement
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
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Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Hydrocarbon compounds are
artificial materials that are based on crude oil. They are the residues of
refined mineral oil after extraction the more volatile substances. Sometimes mixed
with mineral fragments (sand, gravel) they are used to on artificial surfaces
like roads or roofs to seal and/or harden them, to make them impermeable.
Practically, such surfaces can also have a natural origin, where mineral oil
emerges by nature on the surface, combines with sands, and hardens out to some
kind of natural asphalt, but those spots are very rare.
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Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
1.5.5 Polymer, Plastic, Synthetic Fibre
Data type: code list value
This segment lists artificial
materials that are artificially created by chemical processing of solid
hydrocarbon-based components but also other substances in an industrial manner.
Polymers are formed out of monomers through polyreactions.
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Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
These kinds of mineral
materials come out of quarries, mountain slopes, mining lakes, river beds, sand
dunes, beaches or any other natural mineralization or sedimentation ground in
an unchanged form without any chemical processing besides extraction the
material itself. They are basically stones from geological formations or
volcanic activities in different fragmented, bigger or smaller sizes and
shapes.
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Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
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Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
1.6 Artificial Surface Material Arrangement
Data type: code list
This list contains some
types of material arrangements which indicate how the materials itself or
elements made out of a chosen material are put together, be it on ground
surface or on roofs.
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Data type: code list value
The material brought onto
surface in a seamless manner without any interruption in form of a continuous
layer.
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Data type: code list value
The material brought onto
surface in form of single elements that have direct contact to each other. In
between, they build seams, but no gaps.
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1.6.3 permeable paving, grass pavers
Data type: code list value
The paving material
(impermeable itself) is arranged in such a manner that water can infiltrate in
between the elements through a pattern of small gaps.
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Data type: code list value
The paving or roofing
material is arranged in form of tiles, that may or may not overlap partly with
each other.
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Data type: code list
This category applies for
greening measures on buildings and constructions on roof tops and theoretically
also on facades.
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Data type: code list value
This character applies for
roof tops that are greened with vegetation.
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1.7.1.1 Low Growing Roof Vegetation
Data type: code list value
This character applies for
roof tops that are greened with low growing vegetation like herbaceous plants,
lichens and mosses, or dwarf shrubs.
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1.7.1.2 High Growing Roof Vegetation
Data type: code list value
This character applies for
roof tops that are greened with high growing vegetation like woody plants such
as trees and bushes. They may appear as a roof gardens.
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1.8 Transportation Network Characteristics
Data type: code list value
This segment contains a
number of characteristics that apply for the transportation land use sector.
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1.8.1 Road Network Type
Data type: code list
This category contains a
list of characteristics that indicate the main mean of road transportation as road
network type, including pedestrian walk ways and cycle ways.
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1.8.1.1 Fast Transit Road, Highway
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
This area is reserved for pedestrians
only, sometimes also open for bicycles. Motorized traffic is forbidden or
restricted to a very limited extent (e.g. logistics for retails shops).
Normally, pedestrian zones are located in city centers, squares or shopping
streets and often occupy the entire open space between buildings or artificial
surfaces in that so assigned area.
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1.8.1.3 Associated Walk- Or Cycleway
Data type: code list value
Linear part of the
transportation road network which is associated to a road and runs parallel to
the road, can be separated from it by a narrow strip of vegetation. It is used
for pedestrians and/or as bicycles lanes.
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Data type: code list value
Linear part of the
transportation network which is used both for pedestrians and as bicycles
lanes. It has its own track, independent and in some distance from a road.
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Data type: code list value
Linear part of the
transportation network which is used only as bicycles lanes.
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Data type: code list value
Linear part of the
transportation network which is foreseen only for pedestrians.
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< Data type: code list value
Non-linear part of the
transportation network, mostly with a rectangular or rounded shape. Squares can
have a broad variety of spatial extent. They may be assigned to pedestrian
zone, or can also function as a roundabout in road traffic.
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Data type: code list
This category contains a
number of characteristics that apply for the shipping transportation sector,
especially for areas where ships and vessels can dock or be loaded/unloaded .
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Data type: code list value
Port where traded goods are
shipped in and out. Usually, container terminals are associated with cargo
ports.
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Data type: code list value
Port where people are shipped
in and out as passengers.
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Data type: code list value
Port for ships that bring
seafood from there fishing tours in the open sea.
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Data type: code list value
Port for military ships.
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Data type: code list value
Port for yachts and sport
boats, for reciational and leisure purpose.
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1.8.4.6 Local Multifunctional Harbour
Data type: code list value
Port which is not specified
or restricted to a specific type of ships, or boats and serves multiple harbor
functions.
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Data type: code list value
Areas at the shore or along
rivers, normally associated to a port, where vessels are built, maintained or
repaired. For that purpose, vessels are fixed in a normal dock (floating in
water) or in a dry dock, without water contact.
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Data type: code list value
Lengthy man-made
construction towards the sea as a landing stage connected to the shore line,
where vessels can dock to be loaded and unloaded, or passengers can go on and
off board. Jetties are also to unload explosive or hazardous substances like
mineral gas or oil, in a secure distance from vulnerable infrastructure on
land.
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Data type: Boolean value
Area where the ground is
frozen because of temperature below 0° C throughout the period of at least two
years without melting. It can be found either in polar/sub-polar regions or in
high mountain areas in the nival height zone.
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3 Biotic Vegetation Characteristics
Data type: code list
The leaf form helps to characterize woody plants by their leaves. It
is a commonly used criterion to further distinguish trees and shrubs. Here
three kinds of leaf forms are differentiated:
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Data type: code list value
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Data type: code list value
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Data type: code list value
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Data type: code list value
This character applies for
leave-less plants.
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Data type: code list
The foliage persistence indicates
if a plant loses its leaves at the end of a vegetation period (in Europe
normally during autumn times) and grows new leaves in spring time, or if the
plant keeps the leaves leaves/needles of a longer period (several years). The
process of dropping or shedding the leaves is called abscission, and applies
both for needle and broad leaved plants.
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Data type: code list value
The plant keeps its
leaves/needles over a multi-annual period.
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Data type: code list value
The plant loses its
leaves/needles at the end of every vegetation cycle, basically every year.
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Data type: code list value
The plant loses its leaves/needles yearly at the end of every
vegetation period. Winter deciduous plants lose their leaves because of
freezing temperatures in winter times, when water turns into ice below 0° C and
could not circulate anymore within the plant, and would also destroy plant tissue
during freezing.
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Data type: code list value
The plant loses its leaves/needles yearly before or during the
summer time, when temperatures are so hot that the plant would lose too much
water through transpiration and dry out.
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Data type: code list
The leaf anatomy describes
the outer “architecture” of the plant leaf, how the skin of a leaf is
“designed”.
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Data type: code list value
Sclerophyllous leaves are adapted
to long periods of dryness and heat. The plants feature hard leaves, short
internodes (the distance between leaves along the stem) and leaf orientation
which is parallel or oblique to direct sunlight. The leaves are characterized
by their relatively small, stiff and have a leathery or waxy coating, to reduce
loss of moisture due to transpiration, in adaptation to dry and hot weather periods
throughout the year.
Sclerophyllous is not seen as a sort of leaf form and is not contrary to
broad-leaved or needle-leaved. In fact, a plant can be sclerophyllous and
broad- or needle (narrow) leaved at the same time. That is why it is handled
here as stand-alone matrix element.
Examples are cork oaks or olive trees.
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3.4 Phenological Plant Life Span
Data type: code list
This character code list
expresses the duration of the life time of a plant.
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3.4.1 annual plant
Data type: code list value
Annuals are plants that go
through their entire lifecycle in one growing season.
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3.4.2 biennial plant
Data type: code list value
Biennial are plants whose
lifecycle spans two years, so they flower and produce seeds in their second
year.
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3.4.3 perennial plant
Data type: code list value
Perennials are plants that
can survive unfavorable season (winter) and live for more than two years.
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3.4.4 ephemeral plant
Data type: code list value
Ephemeral is a plant that
has several life cycles in a growing season and can increase in numbers
rapidly.
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Data type: code list
The plant location
character describes where the vegetation is growing: on solid ground
(terrestrial), in the water as aquatic submerge plants (under water surface) or
as aquatic emergent plants that float on the water surface and/or grow above
it.
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3.5.1 terrestrial plant
Data type: code list value
Terrestrial vegetation
grows on solid ground of land. Also, herbaceous plants that can be found in
wetlands and grow in standing or running water (like reeds) are considered as
terrestrial.
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3.5.2 epiphyte plant
Data type: code list value
Epiphyte plant is an
organism that grows on the surface of a plant and derives its moisture and
nutrients from the air, rain, water (in marine environments) or from debris
accumulating around it. Epiphytes take part in nutrient cycles and add to both
the diversity and biomass of the ecosystem in which they occur, like any other
organism. They are an important source of food for many species. Typically, the
older parts of a plant will have more epiphytes growing on them. Epiphytes
differ from parasites in that they grow on other plants for physical support
and do not necessarily affect the host negatively.
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3.5.3 aquatic submerged plant
Data type: code list value
Aquatic submerged vegetation grows under the water surface. Their
main life space is under water without reaching the surface. Typical examples
are algae.
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3.5.4 aquatic emergent plant
Data type: code list value
Aquatic emergent vegetation are water plants, but they grow mainly
floating on the water surface or have their main life space floating on water
surface. An example is a sweet water sea rose.
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Data type: code list
This segment lists
different kinds of plant growth forms, describing the plants shape and how the
plant forms its branches.
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3.6.1 erect growth, single stem
Data type: code list value
Growth form of a woody plant
that has a single main stem. Under normal condition the stem grows in an
upright fashion. Typical example for erect growth form is a tree.
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3.6.2 open, spreading, dense growth, multi-stem
Data type: code list value
Growth form of a woody
plant that has a several smaller stems that grow from the ground in a spreading
manner upwards and to the sides. Typical examples for spreading growth form are
bushes and shrubs.
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Data type: code list value
The branches or shoots of a
prostrate plant mostly lie upon or just above the ground and grow horizontally,
rather than being held erect (as it would be with the branches of trees). There
are both woody as well as herbaceous plants that show such growth form.
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Data type: code list value
A clumping plant forms a
mound or thicket, with their shoots growing outward from the center and
maintaining a compact shape. Clumping plants encompass many varieties, from
tall bamboos down to smaller sedges and rushes. Also some grass species grow in
clumps.
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Data type: code list value
A cushion plant is a
compact, low-growing, pillow-like or mat-forming plant that is found in alpine,
subalpine, arctic, or subarctic environments. The growth is limited in height
above the ground (a few inches at most), and have slow growth in a
nutrient-poor environment with delayed reproductivity and reproductive cycle
adaptations. The branches of the plant are held close together, and none of
them stands out to reduce exposure to unfavorable environmental climate
conditions. It can be found on dwarf woody shrubs and non-woody plants.
See also: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cushion_plant
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Data type: code list value
Growth form of a plant that
uses other plants or objects as physical sustaining support to climb towards
the sunlight, because it cannot develop its own sustaining stems (unlike a
tree). Such plants can either live as parasites and extract nutrition from their
host plant (e.g. a tree), or feed themselves from the ground. Examples for
climbing growth form are ivy, lianas, pepper, vanilla plant or grapevine.
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Data type: code list
For detailed definitions see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raunki%C3%A6r_plant_life-form
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Data type: code list value
For detailed definitions
see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raunki%C3%A6r_plant_life-form
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Data type: code list value
For detailed definitions
see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raunki%C3%A6r_plant_life-form
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Data type: code list value
For detailed definitions
see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raunki%C3%A6r_plant_life-form
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Data type: code list value
For detailed definitions
see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raunki%C3%A6r_plant_life-form
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Data type: code list value
For detailed definitions see
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raunki%C3%A6r_plant_life-form
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Data type: code list value
For detailed definitions see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raunki%C3%A6r_plant_life-form
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Data type: code list value
For detailed definitions see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raunki%C3%A6r_plant_life-form
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3.8 Vegetation cover transition
Data type: code list
This segment addresses the transition status, in which a land unit
is, regarding its vegetation cover, whether it is regenerating through natural
succession, or it is degrading over time.
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Data type: code list value
This Character addresses the process of and land unit being in the
transition state of natural succession.
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Data type: code list value
This Character addresses the process of and land unit being in the
transition state of vegetation degradation.
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Data type: code list
This segment gives information about the origin of plant species
from the perspective of its current growing site where it is found growing in
this particular case.
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3.9.1 native plant
Data type: code list value
This species origin type
indicates that this plant species can be found in this specific geographically
determined region, area or environment. The presence of the respective species
is not necessarily exclusively restricted to this particular area, where it
grows (in contrary to endemic).
Normally, native (indigenous) plants are found on this particular site since
long time (centuries).
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3.9.2 non-native plant
Data type: code list value
This species origin type indicates that a plant species normally
cannot be found in this specific geographically determined region, area or
environment.
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3.9.3 endemic plant
Data type: code list value
This species origin type
indicates that a plant species can only and exclusively be found in this
specific geographically determined region, area or environment. It is a special
case of native species. A threshold
for the minimum or maximum scale of such an endemic area does not exist; it can
go from micro habitat level to continental dimension.
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3.9.4 invasive plant
Data type: code list value
This species origin type
indicates that a plant species that has its original life zone in another
region and is intruding at the moment into another area. In many cases, the
distribution of invasive plants is – intentionally or not – supported by human
transportation activities. This process often goes along with outcompeting and
repression of other native plants and a disturbance of the ecological
equilibrium of native plants associations.
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3.9.5 migratory plant
Data type: code list value
This species origin type indicates
that the growing conditions of the original habitat type of a plant or plant
association is changing, e.g. due to external climatic or ecological factors.
This process makes the species adapt to the new habitat conditions and migrate
into another (neighboring) area, where the migrating species find comparable
conditions similar to its former native habitat. The phenomenon of migrating
species follows rather long-term effects based on changes in natural
environment (man-made or not), in contrary to invasive behavior.
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3.9.6 genetically modified plant
Data type: code list value
This character applies for
plant species that are not entirely of natural origin, but have genetically
modified, as it is used in crop species types to raise the yield or make them
more resistant to toxic substances or unfavorable environmental conditions like
drought.
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Data type: code list
It is suggested here to address the issues of plant species types as
handle in the INSPIRE data specifications for the theme Species Distribution. Under the data type SpeciesNameType the species type can be described with a collection
of code lists.
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Data type: code list value / text string
Data type: code list
This character is not yet finalized. The European Vegetation Survey
(EVS) scheme could be taken as the reference scheme. As a reference the PhytoSociologicalScheme can be used.
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Data type: code list value / text string
Data type: date
With this character (and in combination with the temporal parameters
under LCH-9_3_3 Period, Period Start Date
respectively Period End Daten) the start and ending of the growing season
of native and local plants in natural outdoor climate and soil conditions can
be indicated. Regarding crop cultivation cycles with the purpose of harvest,
another character LCH-5_1_8 Crop Season
shall be used.
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3.12.1 plant growing season ongoing
Data type: calendar date
This LCH indicates whether according
to a given data definition the plant growing seasons for a certain plant or plant
community is ongoing or not, according to its natural average phenological
appearance. For further detailed information – if available in data source –
the beginning and end of plant growing season can be handled in combination
with the LCH 9.3 Temporal Parameters.
Excludes:
For crop growing season please refer to “LCH-5_1_8 Crop Season”.
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Data type: integer percentage value
The parameter for crown
cover density indicates the share of a certain spatial land cover unit that is
over-shielded by the crowns of trees (or bushes). Clearly to say that
underneath the crown cover there is other land cover besides the tree (other
trees, bushes, bare soil, grasses, mosses etc.). It is up to the user himself
whether he wants to add up all area to no more than 100%, or if he allows the
surface to have a third (vertical) dimension and reach area values above 100%
of the area after adding up all kinds of vegetation.
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This heading contains a collection of characters and parameters that
apply for water surfaces or have a relation to the physical element of water.
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Data type: code list
This character describes the degree of “naturality” of a water
course or water body and to what extend its existence has its origin on nature
or if it has been influenced by or embedded in anthropogenic structures. Three
subtypes can be distinguished:
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Data type: code list value
The river or lake has its natural extent, no artificial river banks
are present, the water regime is not influenced by any water retention
installations.
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4.1.2 Controlled, regulated, heavily modified water body
Data type: code list value
The lake or river embedded in man-made structures, which have the function of stabilizing the river banks or controlling the water regime. Most navigable rivers are in a way controlled or regulated.
Data type: code list value
This character shall be
applied for entirely artificial man-made linear or area-shaped water bodies,
where without human interaction no natural water course or body would occur.
Examples – among others – are artificial canals for shipping transportation or
water reservoirs for irrigation, firefighting, artificial snow making in alpine
regions.
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Data type: code list
This segment can store the
kind of inland water regime, in other words the hydrological persistence, expressing
the frequency and duration of how long a water body or water course is present
and fluent (This character can also be used in combination with temporal
parameters under LCH 9.3 Temporal Parameters).
Four subtypes of water regimes are distinguished.
Excludes:
This characteristic does not apply for the description of open sea or areas
under tidal influence.
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Data type: code list value
The water body bed is
normally dry without any water being present. Surface water flow occurs very
unregularly and only after heavy rainfall. Water body bed can be filled with
sand, gravel or may be vegetated. Common phenomena in arid and semi-arid
climate regions. Some expressions for a dry creek bed are “wadi” [arab.] or “rambla”
[span.].
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4.2.2 ephemeral, episodic water regime
Data type: code list value
Surface water presence
occurs not regularly but only during or after precipitation when there is enough
surface water run-off or accumulated surface water. All waterways that cease
surface flow at some points in time and space along their course. Still a
certain level of seasonality can be observed.
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4.2.3 intermittent, seasonal water regime
Data type: code list value
Surface water is present periodically
throughout a part of the year, typically the wet season (e.g. rainy season,
snow melt season). Besides the water not being constantly present, it still
occurs seasonally and regularly every year. In dry years, regular seasonal
regime can change to episodic regime.
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Data type: code list value
Surface water is present through the whole year. The river or lake
is filled constantly with water (variations on water level included).
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Data type: code list
This character can store
the dynamics of a water regime expressing if water is constantly flowing/streaming
from one point to another point. Such water current occurs because of the
inclination of the terrain, or doesn´t occur when the terrain has no
inclination. Sometimes also tidal influence causes water currents. Three types
of water dynamics are described:
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4.3.1 running water
Data type: code list value
Water body with constantly
moving water particles due to a current that leads to an exchange or renewal of
water at the observed location. Running water normally comes along with a
certain degree of erosive or sedimentation effect on the ground.
Examples: River, Stream, Creek.
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4.3.2 almost standing water
Data type: code list value
Minimal movement of water
particles. It occurs basically in flat terrains where inclination is almost but
not equal to 0. Almost standing water is still moving, but with such low
velocity that it cause practically no or very little erosive effect.
Examples: regulated river, canal, drainage ditch.
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4.3.3 standing water
Data type: code list value
Stagnant water body without
any movement of water particles. E.g. lakes, puddles, ponds.
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4.4 Soil moisture regime, Wetness
Data type: code list
The following wetness
characters are categorized referring to the Environmental Qualifiers of the General
Habitat Categories (GHC), as laid out in the “Manual for Habitat and Vegetation
Surveillance and Monitoring”. The soil moisture is dependent on external and
internal factors like precipitation, evaporation, capillary rise and
infiltration. Further, to measure soil moisture, two complementary parameters are
of importance: the volumetric water content (VWC) and the soil water tension
(SWT). VWC expresses the share in % of water volume in a given soil volume, and
SWT measured the force necessary for plant roots to extract water from the soil.
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4.4.1 Aquatic, water at surface
Data type: code list value
This character indicates
that surface water is present on a particular land unit, for example inside
wetlands or other landscape types which are not addressed as a waterbody. It
means a piece of land has such a high degree of soil wetness that shallow water
is covering the surface due to high groundwater level, specific
terrain and soil conditions (peat, naturally impermeable soil layers).
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4.4.2 Waterlogged, saturated ground
Data type: code list value
This character indicates
that the soil is saturated (soaked) with water, meaning basically all soil
pores are filled with water in the absence of soil air. This is the case for
example because ground water level is high in general, or because of frequent
heavy or enduring rainfall that makes the ground more or less permanently wet.
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Data type: code list value
This character indicates
that the soil condition is wet, meaning that many soil pores are filled with
water, but still soil air is also present in the pores. Through capillary flow,
a substantial amount of water can move upwards into the upper soil layers from
ground water levels near the surface. This soil condition is present throughout
the entire year.
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Data type: code list value
This character indicates that
the soil condition is wet (see explanation of “wet”), meaning that many soil
pores are filled with water, but still soil air is also present in the pores.
The difference is that such soil conditions are only seasonally present and not
throughout the entire year. The reason for this may be a humid raining season,
or seasonally flooding, which both cause a high ground water level.
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Data type: code list value
In soils with a mesic
regime, sufficient soil moisture is almost constantly available for vegetation.
The soil is often well drained, but provides enough soil water to not put
plants under drought stress which are not used to it. This regime goes together
with temperate climate zones. Precipitation is well balanced and distributed
more or less equally over the year(s).
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Data type: code list value
Semi-dry soil regimes are characterized by a sequence of rainy and
dry episodes throughout the year, where dry episodes dominate. The ground is
often very well drained, so that precipitation infiltrates quickly into lower
levels of the ground where it is out of reach for surface vegetation. The soil has
a low moisture storage capacity, with only little capillary flow.
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Data type: code list value
This character indicates that the soil moisture condition is dry, meaning that throughout the year hardly any moisture is available for plants. The situation of drought can last over several years. However, with the event of occasional precipitation, some biotic vegetation is capable to survive and withstand the long periods of drought.
Data type: code list value
This soil moisture condition does not allow any grow of vegetation and is basically free of any biotic life form. It occurs typically in dry deserts.
Data type: code list value
This character applies for the typical Mediterranean climate conditions with humid and cool winters and hot and dry summers.
Data type: code list
This character can store
the source of the wetness of the terrain. From which source water is coming
that causes wet conditions. Three types of wetness sources are described:
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4.5.1 Rainfed source
Data type: code list value
Wetness relying on rainfall.
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4.5.2 surface water source
Data type: code list value
Wetness relying on inflow of
surface water.
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4.5.3 subterranean, groundwater source
Data type: code list value
Wetness relying on subterranean
or ground water, in combination with capillary flow.
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Data type: code list
This parameter can store
the value for the salinity of water or soil. It applies for both water or soil. Usually it is expressed by a value
measured in per percent (pct) or parts per thousand (ppt). Salinity is the
saltiness or dissolved salt content of a body of water. Generally, it is the
concentration of mineral salts dissolved in water. Salinity may be expressed in
terms of a concentration, the physical method to conclude on the concentration
is by capturing the electrical conductivity.
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Data type: code list value
Brine water is saturated or
nearly saturated with salt, with a concentration of 50 ppt and above. Also
inland plains or lakes with no water outflow drainage in arid or semi-arid
climate zones may contain water that can have even a higher degree of salinity
than ocean water.
Example: Dead Sea, salt concentration ca. 330 ppt.
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Data type: code list value
In the common
understanding, saline water is water in the ocean and terrestrial salt lakes.
It has a salt concentration between 30 and 50 ppt. Saline water contains a
significant concentration of dissolved salts.
Examples: Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean: average salt concentration 35 ppt;
Red Sea: ca. 40 ppt; Mediterranean Sea: ca. 38 ppt; Salars in the Anden
mountains.
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Data type: code list value
Brackish water condition is
in between saline and fresh water, with a salinity range between 5 to 30 ppt.
Brackish water is water that has more salinity than fresh water, but not as
much as seawater. It may result from mixing of seawater with fresh water, as in
estuaries, or it may occur in brackish fossil aquifers.
Example: Lagoons, Estuaries under tidal influence, or also lakes in
plains without outflow drainage may have brackish water conditions. Baltic Sea:
salt concentration 8 ppt; Black Sea: salt concentration 18 ppt.
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Data type: code list value
Fresh water has a very low degree of salinity from 0.1 to 0.5 ppt. It is a precondition for water to be drinkable (ca. 0.1 ppt).
Example: Running water or ground water
have naturally fresh water condition, if not disturbed by saline intermixture.
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Data type: code list value
Ultra-fresh water is
practically salt-free, as it is with condensed water vapour. Water with nearly
no salinity. The salinity is equivalent or nearly equivalent to that of rain
water, if no other air particles or aerosols are absorbed from the atmosphere.
All kinds of precipitation (rain, snow, dew, hoar frost etc.) in theory start
to fall as ultra-fresh water.
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Data type: Numeric value
The pH value is used to describe the acidity respectively the
basicity of an aqueous (water based) solution. It is a measure for the
concentration of hydrogen ions in the solution, how acid or alkaline it is. The
scale reaches from 0 (acidic) to 14 (basic), where 7 is neutral (pure water).
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Data type: heading
This category contains information about characteristics of areas
that stand under tidal influence, meaning the regular and cyclic flooding by
the tidal waves that sweep around the globe drawn by gravitational forces.
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Data type: Boolean value
This character contains the information if a piece of land is under
tidal influence. It can be either expressed by only a Boolean value (yes/no) or
in combination with an integer value to store the average difference in
meters/centimeters of water level height caused by the tides.
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Data type: Numeric value
This character gives information about the in-situ height difference
in meters of the water level between low tide and high tide water level.
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Data type: heading
4.9.1 Groundwater table level
Data type: numeric value
This character gives information about the height in meters of the
water table level below and relative to the terrain surface.
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Data type: heading
This category contains information about characteristics of snow
covered surfaces.
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Data type: numeric value
Snow height in meters.
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Data type: heading
This category contains information about characteristics of ice
covered surfaces (land and water). [So far,
the heading is a placeholder for future entries on ice characteristics in the
model/matrix.]
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5.1 Agricultural Land Management
5.1.1 Agricultural Cultivation Form
Data type: code list
-
The term agriculture
cultivation type addresses the form and appearance of agricultural land, which
is influenced by the crop types which are cultivated or grown on it, and by the
sum of cultivation measures that give this type of land its character. There
are three main cultivation forms of agricultural land.
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Data type: code list value
This cultivation form “cropland” embraces both arable crop land and
permanent cropland. It is land suitable or used for the cultivation of crops.
It contains all cultivated land where any kind of crop is planted, cultivated
and harvested. Permanent grassland (managed) does not belong to this type and
is handled separately.
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Data type: code list value
The term arable
crop land describes a kind of crop land which is used for planting annual or
multi- annual crops. It may underlay crop rotation cycles. The soil needs to be
ploughing or elsewise prepared for sowing, normally with the help of some sort
of machinery or manual tools. Arable crop land includes not only actively
cropped land but also set aside and fallow land (according to EU Common Agriculture
Policy), as it is part of crop cycles on arable land. Also the waterlogged
cultivation such as rice fields is included here.
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Data type: code list value
The term
permanent crop land describes a kind of crop land which is used for planting
permanent crops, mostly woody crop species like fruit/ nuts/ olive trees,
vineyards etc. The plants are often planted in a regular pattern that allows
enough space for growing and for harvesting.
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5.1.1.2 managed permanent grassland
Data type: code list value
Permanent grassland is land used permanently (for several
consecutive years, normally 5 years or more) to grow herbaceous plants for the
purpose of fodder, forage or bio-energy plants and alike. It can be
intentionally be sown or naturally self-seeded and is not included in the crop
rotation on the holding. Normally it is not
ploughed, if so, only with limited frequency or in specific periods. No crops
are grown. If information is available, with LCH temporal duration it can be
indicated for how many years minimum it is considered to be grassland.
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Data type: code list
Cardinality: 1..n
Cultivation
practices form a collection or sequence of cultivation measures. It gives also
indication on the cropping cycle applied and the spatial arrangement of the
plants.
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Data type: code list value
This characteristic indicates if a piece of land is under crop
rotation. This kind of measure stretches over a multi-annual period and can follow
several different sequential variants. The character of crop rotation is meant
to be applied on arable land where usually annual crops are grown. The change
from arable cropland to permanent crop land is not understood as “rotation”,
but as a change in the cultivation practice.
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Data type: code list value
This
characteristic indicates if a piece of land is not under crop rotation. Instead,
the same crop is cultivated year after year over a longer period..
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Data type: code list value
This form of
planting aims at high economic efficiency in terms of industrialized practices
for minimal resources input and high yields. It is a large-scale estate meant
for farming specialized in cash crops. Crop plants are arranged normally in
rows. Depending on the crop species, branches of the plants may be tightened to
wires or poles to grow them in a homogenous way for rationalized crop
production.
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5.1.2.4 extensive cultivation practice
Data type: code list value
Extensive
orchards are an extensive form of using fruit / nut tree, partly also berry
shrubs, for fruit / nut production, or also olive trees. This kind of
cultivation practice is of value for habitats of insects, birds and small
mammals. German expression for this kind of cultivation pattern is
“Streuobstwiese” (with grass underneath) or “Streuobstacker” (with ploughed
topsoil).
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Data type: code list value
As the name
already indicates, this type of land use is a combination of agricultural land
use with forestry-like use. The ground between openly standing or scattered
trees is grazed by cattle or life stock, or arable crops are planted between
the trees. . In German speaking countries this landscape type is called “Hain”,
“Hudewald” or “Waldweide”. In the Mediterranean countries it is called Dehesa
or Montado and still can be found more often.
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Data type: code list value
Shifting
cultivation (slash & burn) is a type of crop rotation in combination with a
fallow land phase which is applied mainly by subsistent farmers in tropical
regions. Rain forest is cut down to gain space for growing crops. The biomass
that has been cut down is burnt, the ashes serve as nutrition for the crops.
The cultivation period is limited to a few years due to the limited soil
fertility. After a crop cultivation period the soil is left fallow so a
secondary vegetation succession can take place. After a certain time, this land
undergoes again the cycle of slash and burn practice.
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Data type: code list value
Intercropping is
a multiple cropping practice that involves growing two or more crops in
proximity at the same time and in the same space. The most common goal of
intercropping is to be more space-efficient with the resource of cultivated
land. The space in between plants of one crop type, that is not needed, can be
occupied by another crop type. Like this, the production results in overall
higher yields compared to for example growing crops one after the other in a
crop rotating manner. Further, intercropping can reduce the risk of soil
erosion or of plant pests, and can balance the content enhancement and
exploitation of soil nutrients through the combined crop species. Examples of
intercropping strategies are planting a deep-rooted crop with a shallow-rooted
crop, or planting a tall crop (nut trees) with a shorter crop that requires
partial shade (arable crop).
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Data type: code list value
Kitchen garden is a term to describe a form of horticulture
basically for own consumption, in contrary to commercial crop production, where
small sized patches of all kinds of fruits, vegetables and herbs are grown.
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5.1.2.9 paddy field cultivation
Data type: code list value
A paddy field is a temporarily flooded parcel of arable land used
for growing semi-aquatic rice. In Europe this is the only method applied for
rice production.
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5.1.3 Cultivation Installation
Data type: code list
This list of
characters contains a number of technical installations that help to foster
plant growth, raise the yield or help to protect the fruits.
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5.1.3.1 greenhouse under glass or foil
Data type: code list value
This character applies for crops that are grown under permanently
installed glass or mounted foil. Like that, the growing conditions are not affected
by external climate or weather conditions. Instead, temperature, artificial
insolation, water supply as well as the provision of chemical substances are in
control of the farmer.
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Data type: code list value
This character applies for crops that are grown on arable land under
foil, where the foil is not suspended but lays directly on the ground or over
the plant. This way a greenhouse-like microclimate is created under the foil,
which protects the soil and crop from direct rainfall impact, frost or high
evapotranspiration.
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5.1.3.3 plantation protection net
Data type: code list value
This character indicates that the cultivated crops, mostly permanent
crops, are protected against external factors (e.g. birds or hail damage) that
could diminish the quality or quantity yield.
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5.1.3.4 espalier, trellis, lattice
Data type: code list value
The espalier cultivation practice is a form of controlling the growth of woody plants (here basically fruit trees and shrubs) by pruning and tying branches to a frame, which results in a more or less 2-dimensional growth of the plants, arranged in a linear form.
Data type: code list value
Hydroculture is a method of growing
plants, usually crops, in the absence of natural soil, by using mineral
nutrient solutions in an aqueous solvent. Terrestrial plants may be grown with
only their roots exposed to the nutritious liquid, or, in addition, the roots
may be physically supported by an inert medium.
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Data type: code list value
This character applies for the indoor cultivation of crops in
multiple stores, either in a multi-store building with greenhouse conditions,
or in a greenhouse with vertically arranged multiple racks or shelf layers.
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5.1.4 Cultivation Measure And Activities
Data type: code list
Cultivation measures are activities that are applied to treat the
soil and maintain the crop land in a favorable, fertile and productive
condition. It are all the processes involved in the production of plant-based
foods, from planting to harvesting. Normally, these generic measures are widely
applied and come along with common agricultural land use. There are a number of
subtypes of cultivation measures.
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Data type: code list
This list of
values indicates whether or not a parcel is ploughed, and – if known – in which
direction according to the slope.
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Data type: code
list value
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5.1.4.1.2 ploughing applied, direction unspecified
Data type: code list value
Ploughing is applied but the direction is unknown , respectively unspecified in
the data source.
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5.1.4.1.3 ploughing across the slope
Data type: code
list value
Ploughing direction is parallel to contour lines of the terrain.
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5.1.4.1.4 ploughing oblique direction
Data type: code
list value
Ploughing direction is in diagonal direction in relation to the fall line of
the slope.
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5.1.4.1.5 ploughing in direction of slope
Data type: code
list value
Ploughing direction is perpendicular to contour lines of the terrain and
follows the fall line of the slope, like water would flow.
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Data type: code list
Fertilization
is an agricultural measure to increase or maintain the fertility in the soil by
bringing inin nutrients from plant residues, manure or chemical fertilizers.
This character indicates, if a piece of land is fertilized or not.
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Data type: code list value
This
character indicates that this piece of land is not under fertilization
activity.
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5.1.4.2.2 fertilization applied, type unspecified
Data type: code list value
This character indicates
that a land parcel is fertilized in principle, but the kind of used fertilizer
(see above) is not known.
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Data type code list value
Organic
fertilizer is natural material in the form of organic biomass or animal
excrements/manure which is brought onto the parcels and/or ploughed in.
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Data type: code list value
Animal manure is a natural kind of fertilizer where organic material in the form
of animal excrements / manure is brought onto the parcels and/or ploughed in.
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Data type: code list value
Green manure is organic
biomass that is grown on or brought onto the parcels and ploughed in. Can be
organic residue from other sources or grown as interim crop in between two
cropping phases or after main crop.
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5.1.4.2.4 synthetic fertilizer
Data type: code list value
Synthetic
industrial fertilizers are made out of chemical substances based on minerals
through industrial processes.
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Data type: code list
Weed
control is an agricultural measure to protect the planted crop from concurrent
consumer vegetation (e.g. other herbaceous plants) regarding consumption of
water, light or nutrients. This can be done mechanically, biologically or
chemically by application of herbicides.
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Data type: code list value
This
character indicates that this piece of land is not under weed control.
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5.1.4.3.2 weed control applied, method unspecified
Data type code list value
Weed control is applied but
the method is unspecified or unknown.
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5.1.4.3.3 mechanical or biological weed control
Data type code list value
Weed
control is applied by mechanical (e.g. tilling) or biological (make use of
natural weed enemies) techniques.
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5.1.4.3.4 chemical weed control
Data type code list value
Weed
control is executed by application of chemical substances, like herbicides.
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Data type: code list
Pest
control is an agricultural measure to protect the planted crop from harmful
insects or other organisms that damage the crop and thus lower the yield or shorten
the lifetime of the crop plant. This can be done mechanically, biologically or
chemically by application of pesticides.
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Data type: code list value
This
character indicates that this piece of land is not under pest control.
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5.1.4.4.2 pest control applied, method unspecified
Data type code list value
Pest control is applied but
the method is unspecified or unknown.
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5.1.4.4.3 mechanical or biological pest control
Data type code list value
Pest
control is applied by mechanical (e.g. traps) or biological (make use of
natural enemies) techniques.
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5.1.4.4.4 chemical pest control
Data type code list value
Pest
control is executed by application of chemical substances, like pesticides.
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Data type: code list
Irrigation is an
agricultural measure of bringing out water on the land. It is applied to
temporarily or permanently increase the humidity of the top soil and to enable
or enhance the plants´ transpiration and capture of nutrients from the soil.
This character indicates, if a piece of land is irrigated. The irrigation
method describes the way how water is brought onto the field for plant
irrigation.
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Data type: code list value
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5.1.4.5.2 irrigation applied, method unspecified
Data type: code list value
Irrigation of the plants is present, but particular method is unspecified
or unknown.
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5.1.4.5.3 gravity surface irrigation
Data type: code list value
Through
surface irrigation the water is led to the plants over the ground through small
channels, either by flooding the whole parcel or leading the water along small
furrows between the crops, using gravity as a force.
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5.1.4.5.4 sprinkler irrigation
Data type: code list value
Irrigation of
the plants by propelling the water under high pressure as artificial rain over
the parcels, normally in a periodical manner with mobile devices, but can also
appear as permanent and fixed installations.
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Data type: code list value
Irrigation of the plants by
means of a normally permanently installed sustaining structure above the field,
which circulates regularly around a center point of the installation, and
distributing water over the field in a circular movement (e.g. clock-wise).
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Data type: code list value
Irrigation of the
plants by leading the water directly to the plants drop by drop with perforated
fine tubes on the ground or with micro-sprayers to create fog-like conditions.
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5.1.4.5.7 subsurface drip irrigation
Data type: code list value
Irrigation of the
plants by leading the water directly to the plants through perforated fine
tubes or tapes that are installed under ground at or below the plant root level.
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Data type: code list value
Irrigation of the
plants applied by hand, manually.
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5.1.4.6 Irrigation Water Source
Data type: code list
The Irrigation
Source describes where the water for irrigation is taken from.
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Data type: code list value
Irrigation
water is taken out of the ground from ground water aquifers, normally by wells
or pumps.
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Data type: code list value
Irrigation water
is taken from a water reservoir like an artificial lake hold back by a dam, or
a natural lake. The reservoir can be fed by a natural water course or also can
be a rain-fed water cistern.
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Data type: code list value
Irrigation
water is taken from a running water course like a river or creek.
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Data type: code list
Drainage as an
agricultural measurement is the discharge of water from the soil over and
through the soil, resulting in a lowering of the groundwater level. The water
can be discharged through drains or ditches.
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Data type: code list value
This character indicates that no drainage activity takes place on
the piece of land.
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5.1.4.7.2 drainage applied, method unspecified
Data type: code list value
Drainage is apparently
installed, but particular method is unspecified or unknown.
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Data type: code list value
This character indicates that the land is drained by open lengthy
ditches or trenches where water can seep out of the surrounding terrain; water
may or may not be present on surface of ditch.
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5.1.4.7.4 subsurface tube drainage
Data type: code list value
This character indicates that land is drained with perforated tubes
or pipes that are dug in the ground under the surface where water can percolate
into the tube to be discharged.
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5.1.4.7.5 filled ditch drainage
Data type: code list value
This character
indicates that the land is drained by ditches or trenches that are filled with
loose material where water can easily percolate through. The filling of this
material levels out the surface above the bottom of the ditch with the
surrounding terrain on both sides, so that the ditch itself is not an obstacle
for trespassing.
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Data type: heading
This
character expresses the kind of mowing activities on a piece of land. A
collection of subtypes describe the frequency of mowing during a year.
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Data type: code list
Data type: code list value
Parcel
is not mowed.
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5.1.4.8.1.2 mowing applied, frequency unspecified
Data type: code list value
Mowing activity is present, but intensity / frequency is not known.
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Data type: code list value
Parcel is mowed
one time (1x) per year.
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5.1.4.8.1.4 medium intensity mowing
Data type: code list value
Parcel is mowed
two times (2x) per year.
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Data type: code list value
Parcel is mowed
more than two times (> 2x) per year.
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Data type: integer
Indicates, how
often a land unit is mowed per year. When barcoding this element, it is best to
combine it with the parameter LCH 9.3.4 recurring frequencyrecurring frequency.
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Data type: boolean value
The practice of
shrub clearance is applied on grassland areas with the aim to avoid the
stepwise succession growing of bushes, shrubs or trees. Like this, the area is
kept as an open grassland which is often used for grazing.
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Data type: boolean value
Biomass burning
is a form of growth control or removal of un-wanted plants on cultivated land
by setting it on fire. This measure has also a soil ameliorating effect of by
leaving the ashes of burnt biomass on the ground.
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Data type: boolean value
Liming is a form
of ameliorating the soil by bringing out calcium carbonate with the effect of
lowering the soil acidity. It is typically used in coniferous forest areas, but
application also in agricultural areas is possible.
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Data type: boolean
value
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Pruning is a
kind of horticultural and silvicultural measure for plant growth control which
is used to control the growth of plants. It involves the selective removal of
parts of a plant by cutting the branches, twigs, buds, or roots. Reasons to
prune plants include deadwood removal, shaping (by controlling or directing
growth), improving or maintaining health, reducing risk from falling branches,
preparing nursery specimens for transplanting, and both harvesting and
increasing the yield or quality of flowers and fruits. It is often used in
combination with sustaining installation on permanent woody crops and aims at
keeping the branches low for easier fruit harvest and also to stimulate the
plant´s crop or biomass production.
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5.1.4.13 set aside parcel
Data type: boolean value
This character
indicates if a cultivated land parcel is set aside (i.e. taken out of crop
production), meaning that the crop production is paused for one or more growing
seasons, and the parcel is either exposed to natural succession or covered with
an intermediate vegetation cover to protect the soil from erosion or improve
the soil structure or soil fertility. The purpose of setting aside a parcel is
to let the soil recover from intensive cultivation. It can be part of a crop
rotation cycle.
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Data type: code list
This category
lists a number of cultivation purposes, what the crops are grown for. It can be
that the very same crop (e.g. maize) is grown on one parcel as fodder crop, on
another parcel as energy crop, and on yet another parcel as food article sugar
maize.
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Data type: code list value
This sub-class applies for all kinds of
crop production for the human food consumption, for example vegetables,
cereals, fruit (be it processed or unprocessed).
Excludes:
Production of fodder crops to feed animals are excluded. It is also part of the
entire human food chain, but this crop production purpose has its own model
element.
5.1.5.1.1
grain
production crop
Data type: code list value
This sub-class applies for crop production of cereal
grains.
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Data type: code list value
This sub-class applies for all kinds of crops
that are produced for the consumption of whole fruits.
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5.1.5.1.3
liquefication,
fermentation or brewing of Crop
Data type: code list value
This sub-class applies for all kinds of crops
that are produced for the liquefication, fermentation or brewing of crop, for
example to making juice, wine, edible oil, aromatic extract and alike.
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Data type: code list value
This sub-class
applies for all kinds of crop production that are meant to be fed to animals in
the context of husbandry, fodder beet, silage maize or alfalfa.
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5.1.5.2.1 harvested for silage
Data type: code list value
This sub-class
applies for all kinds of crops that are stored and conserved after harvest in a
fodder silo, either being a permanently installed and fixed containment or more
or less airtight sealed in a foil covered pile. During silage, the process of
fermentation helps to conserve the harvested fodder.
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5.1.5.2.2 harvested for dry fodder
Data type: code list value
This sub-class
applies basically for parcels with herbaceous plants that are left on the
parcel after being mowed for drying. The result after drying is hay or straw,
which is a form of fodder conservation.
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5.1.5.2.3 harvested green for direct forage
Data type: code list value
This sub-class
applies basically for parcels with herbaceous plants that are cut fresh and
green for immediate feeding to animals.
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5.1.5.2.4 temporary grasses and grazings
Data type: code list value
This sub-class
applies for parcels with temporary herbaceous plants for grazing, hay or silage
as a part of a normal crop rotation, lasting at least one crop year and less
than five years, sown with grass or grass mixtures. The areas are broken up by
ploughing or other tilling or the plants are destroyed by other means as by
herbicides before they are sown again. This purpose can be combined with other
characteristics from this fodder crop segment.
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Data type: code list value
This sub-class
applies for all kinds of crop production that are meant to be used in
industrial or manufacture processes, for example cotton, linen.
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Data type: code list value
This sub-class
applies for all kinds of crop production that are meant to be used for energy
production, e.g. in a bio-gas facility.
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Data type: code list value
This sub-class
applies for all kinds of crop production that are meant to be used for energy
production, e.g. in a bio-gas facility.
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5.1.5.4.2 Liquid Bio Fuel Crop
Data type: code list value
This sub-class
applies for parcels where crops are grown to gain liquid bio fuels, like e.g.
rapeseed oil, bio-ethanol from sugar cane or maize.
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Data type: code list value
This sub-class
applies for parcels where crops are grown to gain solid bio fuels, like e.g.
energy wood.
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Data type: code list value
This sub-class
applies for all kinds of plant production for ornamental and functional
purposes, e.g. to be planted later in urban parks, in residential gardens or
other in public spaces.
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Data type: code list value
This sub-class applies for crop
production with functional purposes other than for consumption (food, fodder,
industrial, energy). Crops produced for e.g. alimentation and where the
residues are used for energy production. These sub-types of functional crop
purposes can be combined with each other, or also with other cultivation
purposes.
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5.1.5.6.1 Soil Protective Cover Crop
Data type: code list value
This sub-class applies for parcels with crops
that help to protect the soil from erosion or from drying out.
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5.1.5.6.2 Soil Nutrient Storage Crop
Data type: code list value
This sub-class applies for parcels with crops
that help to enrich the soil with nutrients like natural nitrogen.
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5.1.5.6.3 Biodiversity Conservation Crop
Data type: code list value
This sub-class applies for parcels with crops
that help to protect or preserve or reestablish a better biodiversity.
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5.1.5.6.4 Carbon Sequestration Crop
Data type: code list value
This sub-class applies for parcels with
the main target to extract carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and bind it on
the biomass or in the ground.
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Data type: code list value
This sub-class applies for parcels with crops
to produce seeds.
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Data type: code list value
This sub-class applies for parcels when
the main crop of the season is cultivated.
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Data type: code list value
This sub-class applies for parcels when a
secondary crop of the season is cultivated.
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Data type: code list
The crop types can be ordered in different ways. The
here applied manner aims to focus on the form of the crop, or which part of the
plant is harvested. This crop type list follows a compromise between botanical
aspects and commonly used aspects to group crops by their apparent form. The
latter aspect does not always go conform with botanical hierarchy. For example
almonds or coconuts botanically belong to stone fruit, but are grouped here
with “nuts”, because they are called so and not the flesh of fruit but the core
is the targeted part of the fruit. Olives are also stone fruits, grapes are a
sort of berries but both of them receive a stand-alone position because of
their outstanding importance in European crop production. Further, this crop
type list tries to avoid naming crops after the aspect of their cultivation
purpose but instead categorizes them according to the part of the plant that is
the harvest target. Cultivation purpose was given its own matrix segment.
Data type: code list value
5.1.6.1.1 Cereals
Data type: code list value
5.1.6.1.1.1 common wheat and spelt
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
5.1.6.1.2 Pulses and protein crops
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
5.1.6.1.3 Clover, Vetch, Lupins, Lucerne
Data type: code list value
5.1.6.1.4 Root and Tuber Crops
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
5.1.6.1.5 Bulb Vegetable Crops
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
5.1.6.1.6 Cole Crops, Brassica oleracea
Data type: code list value
5.1.6.1.6.1 White, Green, Red Cabbage
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
5.1.6.1.6.3 Stem Cabbage, Kohlrabi
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
5.1.6.1.7 Leaf, Stalk, Flowering Vegetable Crops
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
5.1.6.1.8 Fruiting Vegetable Crops
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
5.1.6.1.10 Oilseed or Fibre Crops
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
5.1.6.1.10.3 rape and turnip rape
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
5.1.6.1.10.5 linseed, oil flax
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
5.1.6.1.10.9 other oilseed or fibre crops
Data type: code list value
5.1.6.1.11 aromatic, medicinal, culinary herbs
Data type: code list value
5.1.6.1.12 Flowers and ornamental plants
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
5.1.6.1.15 other arable crops [5.1.6.1.99]
Data type: code list value
5.1.6.2 Meadow Grasses and Herbs
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
5.1.6.3.2 Drupes, Stone-Like Fruits
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
5.1.6.3.2.4 Mirabelle, Spilling
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
5.1.6.3.4 Citrus fruits
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
5.1.6.3.9 Exotic Aromatic and Spice Crops
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
5.1.6.3.10 Leaf Crops from Woody Plants
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
5.1.6.3.11 Woody Plant Nursery
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
5.1.6.3.13 Herbaceous Biomass Crops
Data type: code list value
E.g. Miscanthus, Sida, Igniscum, Silphium, Sorghum.
5.1.6.3.14 Woody Biomass Crops
Data type: code list value
E.g. Willow, Wicker, Poplar.
5.1.6.3.15 Other permanent crops [5.1.6.3.99]
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
5.1.6.6 Fallow land [5.1.6.98]
Data type: code list value
Parcels formerly used as agricultural land which are temporary (at
least 3 years) or permanently not cultivated, and have no crop cover, and are
not part of a cultivation cycle anymore.
Excludes:
Set aside parcels which are not meant to be harvested, but still are greened
and part of a crop rotation cycle, are not seen as fallow land. For Set
aside parcels see LCH 5.1.4.13 “set aside parcelset aside
parcel”.
5.1.6.7 Unspecified crop [5.1.6.99]
Data type: code list value
Parcel is under cultivation but crop species is unkown.
Data type: code list
The different vegetative
(or development) stages of the crops like germination, seedling, vegetative,
budding, flowering and ripening.
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Data type: code
list value
Seeds have been brought out onto the parcel, however germination and appearance
of plant growth is not yet visible.
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5.1.7.2 germination, sprouting
Data type: code
list value
The plant growth phase when the seed is starting to grow from the beginning and
develop sprouts.
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Data type: code
list value
The plant growth phase when the sprouts evolve in a young plant in growing
leafs, shooting and tillering.
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Data type: code
list value
The plant growth phase when it is booting, buildings heads and flowers.
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Data type: code
list value
The plant growth phase when it is develops fruit, in the state of maturation
and ripening, followed by senescence.
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Data type: code list value
Parcel has been harvested, no crop residues are left over, spontaneous green
through resprouting of weeds has not yet started.
Data type: code list value
Parcel has been harvested and some crop residues are still standing or laying
on the parcel, e.g. grain straw or stubbles, left behind fruit from harvesting
procedure. This element can be combined with other Plant Growth Stage LCH 5.1.7.8 “resprouting
on harvested field”.
Excludes:
If this element applies, it excludes the element LCH 5.1.7.6 “harvested
empty field”.
5.1.7.8 resprouting on harvested field
Data type: code list value
Parcel has been harvested and some weed and/or seeds from harvested crop are resprouting
on the field, which results in a spontaneous arbitrary re-greening. This
element can be combined with other Plant Growth Stage LCH 5.1.7.7 “crop
residues”.
Excludes:
If this element applies, it excludes the element LCH 5.1.7.6 “harvested
empty field”.
Data type: code
list
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Data type: code
list value
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Data type: code
list value
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Data type: code
list value
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5.1.8.4 Year-round Crop Season
Data type: code
list value
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5.1.8.5 Number Of Crop Seasons
Data type: integer
value
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Data type: code
list
This segment contains a list of the roles that certain crops play as part of
the crop rotation sequence.
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Data type: code
list value
This element applies for the first and main crop of the year. It is normally
seeded after the harvest of the previous year. When cultivated as main (and
first) crop it normally brings the highest yield. The main crop can be followed
by other sub-sequent crops.
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Data type: code list value
This element applies for the second (or third) crop that follows the already
harvested main crop of the running year. When being called “secondary” does not
mean it is inferior to the main crop, only that the yield is not expected to be
that high compared to the crop type if it would have been seeded in the
previous autumn or winter.
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Data type: code list value
This element applies for collateral or additional crops that are cultivated at
the same time along with the main or also the secondary crop. The reason to do
so can be to support biodiversity or to improve soil nutrient content. The side
crop has also an economic value when harvested.
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Data type: code list value
This element applies for sub-sequent crops where the cultivation purpose lays
more in the soil protection or to prevent soil erosion, to support biodiversity
or soil nutrient content. The harvesting value is inferior, compared to its
function.
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Data type: code list
This heading contains overall strategies how agriculture is exercised and which
bundle of methods are implied.
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Data type: code list value
This character applies for conventional agricultural systems which make use of
industrial fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides and heavy machinery to
maximize harvest yield.
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Data type: code list value
This character applies for organic or “Eco”-farming as agricultural systems
which try to (or by convention must) avoid industrial fertilizers, herbicides
and pesticides. Instead, biological or mechanical plant protection measures are
exercised, in combination with natural fertilizers like green manure.
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Data type: heading
This character
expresses if a piece of land is used for grazing, subtypes indicate the grazing
intensity (according to the EU IACS).
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Data type: code
list
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Data type: code list value
No
grazing activity is observed for this piece of land.
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5.1.11.1.2 grazing present, intensity unspecified
Data type: code list value
Grazing is
present, but intensity is not known.
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5.1.11.1.3 Extensive, freerange grazing
Data type: code list
Extensive
grazing means two or less livestock units per hectare.
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Data type: code list value
Intensive
grazing means more than 2 livestock units per hectare.
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5.1.11.2 Grazing Lifestock per ha
Data type: integer value
Indicates, how
many lifestock units (animals) per hectare are grazing on a particular parcel.
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Data type: code
list
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5.1.11.3.1 All Year-round Grazing
Data type: code
list value
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Data type: code
list value
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5.1.11.3.3 Rotational Grazing, Paddocks
Data type: code
list value
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Data type: code
list value
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5.1.11.3.5 Unmanaged Natural Grazing
Data type: code
list value
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Data type: code
list
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Data type: code
list value
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Data type: code
list value
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5.1.11.4.3 Day and Night Grazing
Data type: code
list value
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5.1.11.5 Lifestock Species Type
Data type: code
list
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Data type: code
list value
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Data type: code
list value
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Data type: code
list value
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Data type: code
list value
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Data type: code
list value
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Data type: code
list value
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Data type: code
list value
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5.1.11.5.8 Other Grazing Animals
Data type: code
list value
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Forest Land includes all land with woody
vegetation consistent with thresholds used to define Forest land in the
national greenhouse gas inventory. It also includes systems with a vegetation
structure that currently fall below, but in situ could potentially reach the threshold values used by a country to define the
Forest Land category. (Source: 2006 IPCC Guidelines) According to FAO 2015
Forest land must span more than 0.5 hectares with trees higher than 5 meters
and a canopy cover of more than 10 percent, or trees able to reach these
thresholds in situ. This segment addresses different characters that further
describe the form specific techniques of forestry management. By combining the
following characteristics listed under this segment different types of forest
constellations can be described. To separate between native forests (forests
that do not contain any non-native trees) and non-native forest (forests
containing both native and non-native tree species) use the code list 3.9 Plant Species
OriginPlant Species
Origin.
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Data type: code list
The forestry age
structure gives indication about the cultivation cycles of the addressed forest
area and its structure, which is influenced by the forestry practice,
silvicultural measures, forestry rotation system, and silvicultural
regeneration method.
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5.2.1.1 even-aged stands
Data type: code list value
This
characteristic indicates that on a forest parcel all trees are of the same age,
because they were planted at the same time, or are by nature of the same
generation of trees.
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Data type: code list value
A forest parcel where
trees are of different ages.
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5.2.1.3 all-aged stands, old-growth forest
Data type: code list value
In
principle, this character applies for forest parcels predominantly composed of
self-sown native tree species, independently from any human intervention or
afforestation planting. The age of trees and species combination result from
natural growth conditions. Naturally aged forest might be managed to some
degree, or be entirely unmanaged (untouched, non-intervention forest, or a
strict forest reserve). (Natural Forest standard, Glossary of Terms V1.2).
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Data type: code list
This Character
addresses the level of approximate age that the trees have reached at the
moment of observation.
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Data type: code list value
This character
expresses a very early stage of tree plant growth with an age range of 0 – 5
years. This threshold is not meant to be hard fixed, but as an orientation.
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5.2.2.2 young or mid-aged trees
Data type: code list value
This character
expresses an early stage of tree plant growth with an age range of 5 – 15
years. This threshold is not meant to be hard fixed, but as an orientation.
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5.2.2.3 grown-up or mature trees
Data type: code list value
This character
expresses an advanced stage of tree growth with an age range of from 20 years
and beyond. A tree becomes mature when it starts producing fruits or flowers.
How long it will stay productive depends on the species. This threshold is not
meant to be hard fixed, but as an orientation. Additional age stages can be
added in the model.
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Data type: code list
This Character
indicates whether a forest parcel is composed of a mixture of different tree
species (can of the same leaf type), or if a forest parcel consists of more or
less the same tree species.
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Data type: code list value
This Character
indicates that the forest parcel is composed of a mixture of different tree
species (can be of the same leaf type).
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Data type: code list value
This Character
indicates that the forest parcel consists of more or less the same tree species,
be it in a monoculture manner, or naturally growing single species tree stands.
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5.2.4 Forestry Practice
Data type: code list
Under this
segment the main forestry practices are listed, describing the overall strategy
how to principally cultivate and harvest woodland.
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Data type: code list value
A coppice forest (de: Niederwald) is a traditionally managed
woodland, normally with broadleaved trees. This form involves cutting back the
trees every 15 to 25 years. The method exploits the capacity of many species of
trees to put out new shoots from their stump or roots if cut down. In a
coppiced wood, which is called a copse, young tree stems are repeatedly cut
down to near ground level, resulting in a stool. New growth emerges, and after
a number of years, the coppiced tree is harvested, and the cycle begins anew.
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5.2.4.2 coppice-standard combination
Data type: code list value
This form of forest practice (de: Mittelwald) combines Coppice forest (see
above) and High Forest (see below).
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Data type: code list value
High forest (de: Hochwald) is a type of woodland where tree growth originated from
self-seeded or planted seedlings and developed in an erect form of the stem. In
contrast to a low forest (coppice forest, see above), a high forest in a
grown-up stage usually consists of tall, mature trees with a closed canopy.
High forests can occur naturally or they can be the result of a plantation and
maintenance process. Under human forest management, two form of high forest
exist, the parcel-based high forest, or the Plenter forest (see also
silvicultural harvesting and regeneration methods)
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5.2.5 Forestry Rotation System
The forest rotation system indicates, how long the time intervals are, within which the trees are grown before the trees are felled. The term rotation stands here for forestry cycle.
Data type: code
list
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5.2.5.1 short rotation coppice (SRC) plantation
Data type: code list value
Short rotation
Coppicing (SRC) refers to the growing of trees (usually willow or poplar) in
extremely dense stands, harvested at 2-5 years intervals and regenerated from
the stools, which are expected to survive 5 rotations at least, before plants
need to be replaced be re-planting.
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5.2.5.2 short rotation forestry (SRF) plantation
Data type: code list value
Short rotation
forestry (SRF) consists of planting a site and then felling the trees when they
have reached a size of typically 10-20 cm diameter at breast height. Depending
on tree species this usually takes between 6 and 20 years, and is therefore
intermediate in timescale between Short rotation Coppicing (SRC) and
conventional long rotation forestry.
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5.2.5.3 intermediate or long rotation forestry
Data type: code list value
Intermediate or
long rotation forest is the most common type of forest management practice. The
harvesting of the wood takes place when stands have reached an age around 40-50
years and beyond.
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5.2.5.4 continuous cover forestry
Data type: code list value
This rotation
system is an approach to the sustainable management of forests whereby forest
stands are maintained in a permanent manner and with irregular structure, which
is created and sustained through the selection and harvesting of individual
trees. It is a continuous cover forestry (CCF), clear cutting is not applied.
These stands normally involve a mixture of different tree species and ages.
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Data type: code list
5.2.6.1 planted rejuvenation
Data type: code list value
Forest plants are
seeded or planted by intention. The rejuvenation process of the forest is
initiated by human interaction. In some cases not the entire forest unit is
planted, but only in parts, combined with some degree of natural succession. In
such a case, the parcel can be described by choosing both types of rejuvenation
(man-made and natural).
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5.2.6.2 natural forest succession
Data type: code list value
Forest
rejuvenation takes place on a natural basis, no human intervention is involved
in the regeneration of the forest. (Does not exclude interventions at a later
stage of growth).
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5.2.6.2.1 self-seeded forest succession
Data type: code list value
Forest
rejuvenation evolves on the basis self-seeded spreading of plants seeds by
themselves in a natural manner.
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5.2.6.2.2 re-sprouting forest
Data type: code list value
A special form of
natural succession – although eventually triggered by human intervention e.g.
after coppicing – is the regrowth of shoots out of the roots and branches or out
of a cut down or broken tree stump.
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Data type: code list
This segment
contains a list of silvicultural measures that are applied to the forest. They
are applied to the plants and the soil. In analog to cultivation measures also forestry
measures are activities that are applied to forest parcels in order to
support a healthy and efficient growth of trees or to maintain the forest in
the intended condition.
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5.2.7.1 forest cleaning, weeding
Data type: code list value
Cleaning and weeding take place in a very
early growth stage in the first years of seedlings developing to young forest stands.
The parcel is cleared of unfavorable and concurrent consumer vegetation
(herbaceous vegetation, other tree exemplars) that grow in direct surrounding of
favorable forest plants, regarding their unwanted consumption of light, water,
nutrients or growing space. This procedure can be done in a mechanical or
chemical manner.
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Data type: code list value
Thinning is applied to a forest stand to
reduce the number of individual trees and to provide better growing conditions
to the best developed exemplars. In reducing the number of trees, the provided
light, water, nutrients and space. Such selective removal of trees not only
help to improve the growth rate but also the health condition of the remaining
trees. Overcrowded trees are under competitive stress from their neighbors.
Thinning can also contribute to increase the resistance of the stand to
environmental stress.
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Data type: code list value
Pruning is a horticultural and
silvicultural method involving the selective removal of certain parts of a
plant, such as branches, buds, or roots. Pruning is applied with the aim of
either influence the growth form of a plant, remove dead or damaged parts of
the plant, or to raise the production of fruit. In the context of silviculture,
pruning helps also to create greater timber value by reducing the number of branches
and knots, and to make the tree focus in vertical growth or crown development.
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5.2.7.4 ring-barking, girdling
Data type: code list value
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Data type: code list value
Diversification of tree species among
monocultures with plantation of young mixed stands. Often applied to alter
monoculture forestry stands into mixed (needle leaved & broad leaved tree
stands).
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Data type: code list value
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Data type: code list value
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Data type: code list value
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Data type: code list value
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Data type: code list value
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5.2.8 Silvicultural Harvest and Regeneration Method
Data type: code list
In Forestry,
the harvest of timber is very much connected and interlinked with methods of
forest regeneration. Therefore, these two aspects come together in the heading
of this segment. Here, several forms of forest harvest are listed. The list
tries to capture the most common methods, many other variations exist besides.
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Data type: code list value
With
the clear-cut method, all trees of a
parcel are felled at once, no other trees are left standing for further growth.
A clear cut is therefore the last step in the process of timber production.
After a clear cut – if forestry use is continued on the land unit - , a new
plantation cycles starts with replanting seedlings or leave the unit to natural
succession. Other than forestry continuation, also orther land use type can
take over after a final clear cut. Then it is not anymore under forestry
management. This harvesting method can be seen connected with all forestry
rotation systems.
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Data type: code list value
Shelterwood (de: Schirmschlag)cutting is applied to a
mature forest stand. It refers to the progression of forest cuttings by felling
more and more single trees, step by step in an evenly distributed manner
throughout the woodland parcel. The process stretches over several years, and
each time after a felling event, more open space and light becomes available
for the rejuvenation on the ground, which takes place in the shadow of the left
over still standing shelter trees. Like that, it leads to the establishment of
a new generation of seedlings of a particular species or group of species through
natural succession without planting. The result of this harvest and
regeneration method is a new even-aged forest stand (with only few years difference
in age). This harvesting method is connected with long rotation forestry.
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Data type: code list value
In the process of Femel cut
(Femelschlag), which is similar to the shelterwood cut (Schirmschlag), the
mature trees are also felled over a period of a few years. The difference is in
the island-like or grouped distribution of harvested trees. I that manner, a
mix of shadow-affine and sunlight affine tree species can regenerate in a
balanced manner on the parcel. Through the subsequent phases of cutting, the
initial spots of clear areas grow bigger in a concentric way, and all of these
spots are distributed in a mosaic pattern on the woodland parcel. This
harvesting method is connected with long rotation forestry.
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Data type: code list value
Also the strip cutting
method (de: Saumschlag) is applied to
fell the trees in mature forest stands not all at once, but stepwise, stretched
over several years. The progression of the felling starts at the outer edge of
a woodland parcel, and moves year by years towards the opposite side of the
parcel. In doing so, the light and micro-weather conditions change slowly, as
more trees are taken out, and also different species can succeed, having
different ecological requirements. The cutting is executed in such a way, that
the still standing trees protect the cleared area with the succeeding seedlings
from the main wind direction. This harvesting method is connected with long
rotation forestry.
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5.2.8.5 selection cutting
Data type: code list value
With
the selection logging method (de: Plenterwald), not all trees of a parcel
are felled at once, but only a number of selected trees that are chosen to be
already in the right mature condition for harvesting. Some other trees are left
standing either because they have not yet any value for logging or for further
growth. This harvesting method is connected with long
rotation forestry. Decisions on the felling or keeping of trees are made not
only based on their maturity and timber value but also based on the
characteristics and ecological processes inherent to the stand site
(nature-oriented forestry). The selection cutting is system is seen to be a
very sustainable form of forestry, where felling of trees, rejuvenation and
regrowth throughout different age classes and mixed species is in an
equilibrium, which ensures a continuous forest cover. However, if selection
logging is applied continuously intensive beyond any sustainable rationale,
selection logging leads to forest degradation, where natural succession can´t
keep up due to ecological conditions.
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Data type: code list value
Coppicing (de: Niederwald) is a woodland
management measure of repeated cutting down of tree stems near the ground,
generating regrowth of new shoots from the coppiced tree (stool). New shots are
harvested in 3-50 year cycles, cycle length being dependent on species (e.g.
willow, birch, hazel, poplar, hornbeam, beech, ash, alder, oak) and use of
harvested wood (e.g. brushwood, charcoal, poles, withies for wicker-work,
firewood, timber). This harvesting method is connected to short rotation
forestry systems.
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Data type: code list value
Pollarding is similar to
coppicing, with the difference that the tree is not cut near ground level, but
a few meters above ground. The effect of pollarding causes the tree to re-sprout
at the head level new thin shoots. The purpose behind this method is to make
the tree produce biomass with a lot of leafs which can be used as fodder or
stray. Nowadays, it is also applied for esthetic reasons, e.g. along alleys or
in urban green areas. With pollarding, the plant can be held in a more or less
juvenile state, whereas the trunk can have a high age.
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Data type: code list
The forestry
product type indicates for what kind of products the trees are used: wood,
fibre, bio-energy and/or non-wood forest product.
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Data type: code list value
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5.2.9.1.1 timber wood
Data type: code list value
Timber is harvested wood which is used as construction material,
e.g. for furniture, buildings, bridges or any other sustaining structure.
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Data type: code list value
Energy wood is
harvested to be used as a combustible material to generate energy through
burning the wood or for charcoal production.
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Data type: code list value
Fibre as the forestry product type
indicates that the harvested wood is used for the production of cellulose as a
basic material for pulp or paper.
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Data type: code list value
Goods derived from forests that are tangible and physical objects of
biological origin other than wood. Specifically includes the following
regardless of whether from natural forests or plantations: gum arabic,
rubber/latex and resin; Christmas trees, cork, bamboo and rattan. Generally
excludes products collected in tree stands in agricultural production systems
and any woody raw materials and products (FAO 2015).
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Data type: code list value
The so called
“virgin cork” (to obtain insulating cork boards), is harvested when the cork
oak tree is already 25/30 years old, The cork bark used to manufacture the cork
stoppers, the so called „female cork“ is harvested 10-12 years. A tree can be
harvested a dozen times in its lifetime.
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Data type: code list value
Resin is usually collected by causing
minor damage to the tree by making a hole far enough into the trunk to puncture
the vacuoles, to let sap exit the tree, known as tapping, and then letting the
tree repair its damage by filling the wound with resin.
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5.2.9.2.3 latex, natural rubber
Data type: code list value
Latex is the milky fluid that
oozes from any wound to the tree bark of the rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis or
others). Basically cultivated on plantations in the tropics and subtropics,
especially in South America, Southeast Asia and Western Africa.
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Data type: code list value
A
Sort of resin which carries etheric aromas, extracted from Boswellia tree species. It is used for
religious or cultic rituals when burnt to spread aromatic smoke.
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Data type: code list value
Myrrh
is a gum-resin extracted from a number of small, thorny tree species of the
genus Commiphora. Myrrh resin has been used throughout history as a perfume,
incense and medicine.
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Data type: code list
5.2.10.1 primary or virgin forest
Data type: code list value
Naturally
regenerated forest of native species, where there are no clearly visible
indications of human activities and the ecological processes are not
significantly disturbed. There has been no known significant human intervention
or the last significant human intervention was long enough ago to have allowed
the natural species composition and processes to have become re-established. .
Natural damage to the forest as through fire, avalanche, drought or other
natural hazards are not in contradiction to the character of primary forest.
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5.2.10.2 secondary or naturally regenerated forest
Data type: code list value
Naturally regenerated
forest where there are clearly visible indications of human activities.
Includes selectively logged-over areas, areas regenerating following
agricultural land areas or recovering from human-induced fires. Includes
forests with a mix of naturally regenerated trees and planted/seeded trees, and
where the naturally regenerated trees are expected to constitute more than 50
percent of the growing stock at stand maturity or forests where it is not
possible to distinguish whether planted or naturally regenerated.
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Data type: code list value
Re-establishment
of forest through planting and/or deliberate seeding on land classified as
forest or already in forestry use. Includes planting/seeding of temporarily
unstocked forest areas as well as planting/seeding of areas with forest cover.
Includes coppice from trees that were originally planted or seeded.
Excludes natural regeneration of forest (FAO 2015). According to UN IPCCC´s
LULUCF (Land Use, Land Use Change, Forest) reporting practices, a time interval
of under 20 years can be used here as a threshold for “new” forest.
Example: New planting of seedlings after a clear cut event on forestry used
area for timber production, or after a storm damage event.
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Data type: code list value
Establishment of
forest plantations through planting and/or deliberate seeding on land that,
until then, was not classified as forest. Implies a transformation from
non-forest to forest. According to UN IPCCC´s LULUCF (Land Use, Land Use
Change, Forest) reporting practices, a time interval of under 20 years can be
used here as a threshold for “new” forest.
Example: Long tradition agricultural areas, grasslands or fallow lands are
planted with trees; re- naturated extraction sites are filled up with earth or
sand to grow additional forest.
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Data type: code
list
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list value
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list value
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5.3 Industrial Land Management
Data type: code list
Data type: code list
5.3.1.1 Surface Open Pit Mining
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
5.3.1.4 Salines Extraction Site
Data type: code list value
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5.3.1.5 Leaching, Solution Mining
Data type: code list value
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Data type: code list value
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Data type: code list
This category contains a
list of various mining product types, partly grouped.
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5.3.2.1 Fossil Hydrocarbon Fuels
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
E.g. sedimentary rocks, usually shale, sandstone, limestone or
dolostone/dolomite, that contain traces of tar, bitumen, asphalt, petroleum or
carbon.
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
5.3.2.2.2 Nonferrous Metal Ores
Data type: code list value
E.g. Aluminium, Copper, Nickel, Cobalt, Lithium, Gold, Silver etc.
Data type: code list value
These 17 elements: Dysprosium, Neodym, Praseodym, Terbium, Thulium, Holmium, Lanthan,
Europium, Gadolinium, Lutetium, Promethium, Samarium, Scandium, Ytterbium, Yttrium,
Erbium, Cer
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
5.3.2.3.3 Precious And Semi-Precious Stones
Data type: code list value
Data type: code list value
5.4 Terrain Modification and Land Engineering Measure
Data type: code list
5.4.1 terraced terrain
Data type: code list value
This linear
character describes the modification of land surface to equal out a slope with
regularly arranged platforms in a stepwise manner. It requires earthworks to
make the terraces. Terraces are mainly arranged for agricultural purposes (but
not exclusively) in areas where the original relief energy is too high for
agricultural activities like sowing, mowing, ploughing, harvesting or flooding
irrigation. Typically, the terraces´ edges follow the isohypes of equal height
of the slope.
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5.4.2 artificial terrain modification
Data type: code list value
This character describes heavily transformed surface, for example
with the purpose to level out too steep terrain or in contrary to create higher
relief energy. A special case of application is the leveling and earth
modelling of ski pistes in mountainous regions.
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5.4.3 artificial snow preparation
Data type: code list value
This character
indicates if a piece of land, in particular a ski piste, is prepared with
artificial snow, which is made with snow cannons along the ski piste. It is
done to meliorate the skiing conditions over the season and also to prolong the
duration of skiing season. For this kind of snow-making, often water reservoirs
are necessary that can be found nearby the skiing area as small ponds in the
slope.
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Data type: code list value
This character
indicates areas which are used to either collect snow (artificial or natural)
over the cold (winter) season, with or without using particular installations
or terrain modification. The snow is then covered with specific substances to
preserve the snow from melting throughout the warm summer season.
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5.4.5 avalanche prevention or protection installation
Data type: code list value
This character indicates the presence of specific technical
installations or constructions that prevent avalanches to occur or protect area
affected or damaged by avalanches.
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5.5 Administrative regulations, Use constraints
Data type: code list
Data type: code
list
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Data type: code list value
Areas of this
LCH are publically open to civil society, meaning all people have access to
this area.
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Data type: code list value
Areas of this
LCH are accessible to both civilians and to military.
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Data type: code list value
Areas of this
LCH are bound to access restrictions of a limited time span, for example after
a severe natural disaster or a contamination event.
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5.5.1.4 military only, restricted
Data type: code list value
Areas of this
LCH are only accessible by the military, others have no access to this area,
(or only under special allowance conditions).
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Data type: code
list
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5.5.2.1 nature conservation area
Data type: code list value
This area is
under strict nature protection status by law. Many human activities like e.g.
hiking of the trials, fire making, agricultural, forestry, industrial of urban
construction activities etc. are forbidden.
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5.5.2.2 landscape conservation area
Data type: code list value
This area is
under landscape protection status. It means that human activities are allowed
to some extend (including agriculture and forestry), but the overall appearance
of the landscape character shall be preserved. This can include access
restrictions for individual traffic by car.
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Data type: code list value
This area is
listed under European law as a Natura 2000 protected site.
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Data type: code list value
This area has
strict access limitations, either throughout the entire year or to protect
birds during their breeding phase.
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Data type: code list value
In areas
designated as UNESCO Biosphere Reserves, the focus is on the harmonised
management of biological and cultural diversity. It can have a zonal structure,
where the inner core areas underlay more strict protection regulation than the
outer areas around the center of the reserve area.
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Data type: code list value
UNESCO Global
Geoparks are single, unified geographical areas where sites and landscapes of
international geological significance are managed with a holistic concept of
protection, education and sustainable development.
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Data type: code list value
A national park
is a larger area where nature conservation is the primary purpose, often in
combination with recreational use. It stands under authoritative
administration, who also provides decent touristic infrastructure. Often it is
a reserve of natural, semi-natural, or developed land that a sovereign state
declares or owns. The applied rules that count inside a national park, and how
it is administered may differ from country to country. Throughout all national
parks the common idea is the conservation of 'wild nature' for posterity and as
a symbol of national pride.
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5.5.2.8 other protected area type
Data type: code
list value
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Data type: code list
Under this
segment of LCH, a number of characters are listed that describe the status or
the condition of a land unit, and – if damaged – also the reason why.
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Data type: code list
This
Characteristic indicates the status of a Land Unit, in which status or
condition it is.
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Data type: code list value
This character
applies for areas under construction development, like soil or bedrock
excavations or earthworks. It is assigned for areas where landscape is affected
by human activities, changed or modified into artificial and man-made surfaces,
being in a state of anthropogenic transition. The final use and form of the
area being built is already determined, but not necessarily known by one who
captures the status.
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Data type: code list value
Area is not in
use and has never been, as far as no traces of human activities can be
recognized.
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Data type: code list value
Area is temporary
out of use, but probably will return to being used.
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Data type: code list value
This character
expresses that an area belongs is not in use and can't be used any more for the
original purpose without major reparation/renovation work.
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Data type: code list value
Area has been
cleared of woody vegetation cover (trees or shrubs).
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6.1.6 collapsed, destroyed, damaged
Data type: code list value
Status of an object which is not intact or functional anymore due to
destruction or collapse. It refers mostly to infrastructural objects or
utilities like buildings, constructions or complexes.
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6.1.7 managed nature restoration
Data type: code list value
This character applies for areas which are brought back to a natural
or at least semi-natural state, so that for example soil sealing elements are
removed, ground is decontaminated, vegetation is seeded, naturally given soil
moisture condition are restored, etc. Examples are the restoration of natural
beds of water courses by giving them more space for meandering, flooding or filling
of open pit mines, eventually combined with new vegetation cover etc.
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Data type: code list
This segment contains a collection of
possible damage reasons that can affect land units. It is oriented towards the
INSPIRE code list on NaturalHazardCategoryValues, that focuses on natural
disaster events and calamities. Here, the list is extended to also man-made
damaging impact factors.
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6.2.1
Geological
or Hydrological
Data type:
code list value
Processes
that have a geological (geosphere) or hydrological (hydrosphere) nature (or
origin).
Some of the
processes here included are clearly addressed as geological in the scientific
literature, such as volcanic hazards or earthquake hazards, whereas other
processes cannot be understood without geological and hydrological input, such
as certain types of landslides (that can be triggered and mobilised by water),
or floods (highly dependent on soil infiltration properties, topography, water
table fluctuations), etc.
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Data type:
code list value
Long wave
disruption in a large water body reaching emerged land. It can occur as a massive
destructive ocean wave caused by sub-marine earthquake or volcanic eruption, or
also as an inland water wave caused by a huge landslide plunging into a lake,
or by a meteorite impact.
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Data type:
code list value
An opening,
or rupture, in the Earth's crust that allows hot magma, ash and gases to
escape. Process directly linked to volcanic eruptions are expected to be
included in this category, such as lahars, pyroclastic flow, ash fall, volcanic
explosions, freatic explosions, etc.
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Data type:
code list value
Earthquake
hazards involve the propagation of elastic waves at or near the surface after
the release of tectonic stress or other natural sources, such as volcanic
explosions or meteorite impacts. Liquefaction, ground shaking and other effects
directly caused by seismic waves should also be included in this category.
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6.2.1.4
subsidence
and collapse
Data type:
code list value
Subsidence
and collapse involve mainly vertical downwards ground movement of the surface
of the Earth due to different processes of rock or soil weathering or rock
compaction to a point where the rock structure cannot bear its own load
(collapse) or causing relatively slow downwards movements (subsidence).
Subsidence and collapse can be associated with carbonate rocks in karstic
areas, but it can occur in other regions such as loessic soils or compressible
soils.
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Data type:
code list value
Processes
of downhill slope movements of soil, rock, and organic materials related to
different types of ground failure. Some common terms used for describing
different types of landslides include but are not restricted to slides, rock
fall, debris flow.
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Data type:
code list value
A snow mass
with typically a volume greater than 100 m3 and a minimum length of 50 meters
that slides rapidly downhill. Snow avalanches usually incorporate materials
swept along the path of the snow avalanche, such as trees, rocks, etc.
Avalanche formation is the result of a complex interaction between terrain,
snow pack and meteorological conditions.
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Data type:
code list value
Processes
of inundation of usually dry (emerged) land, or temporary covering by water of
land not normally covered by water. Floods can be of many types (flash floods,
river overflow, tidal floods), and can have many triggers (precipitation,
natural water reservoir dam failure, river channel obstruction, etc). Tsunamis
and a storm surges are usually considered as a different natural hazard.
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6.2.2
Meteorological or Climatological
Data type:
code list value
Processes
that have a meteorological (atmospheric) or climatic (changes in the long-run
of environmental variables) nature (or origin).
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Sustained
and extensive occurrence of below-average water availability, caused by climate
variability. Drought should not be confused with aridity, which is a long-term
average feature of a dry climate. Likewise, drought should not be confused with
water scarcity, which reflects conditions of long-term imbalances between water
availability and demands. Droughts can affect both high and low rainfall areas
and can develop over short periods of weeks and months or much longer periods
of several seasons, years and even decades.
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Data type:
code list value
An abnormal
temperature rise (heat) or decrease (frost) lasting longer than usual
temperature rise or drop. Heat waves or cold waves.
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Data type:
code list value
Violent
winds with high speed and destructive power like tornados, hurricanes etc.
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Data type:
code list value
Discharge
of atmospheric electricity, mostly on connection with thunderclouds
(cumulonimbus), but can also occur in dry conditions (absence of rain clouds).
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Data type:
code list value
Water
pushed from the sea onto the land caused by an atmospheric disruption such as a
hurricane or a rapid change in atmospheric pressure. Although a storm surge is
a kind of flood, it is usually considered as a separated class.
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Data type:
code list value
This
category includes all types of processes that involve the occurrence and
spreading of fire.
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Data type:
code list value
Fire
occurrence and spreading on vegetated land. Forest fire means fire which breaks
out and spreads on forest and other wooded land or which breaks out on other
land and spreads to forest and other wooded land. The definition of forest fire
excludes prescribed or controlled burning, usually with the aim of reducing or
eliminating the quantity of accumulated fuel on the ground (Regulation EC
2152/2003 - Forest Focus). Wildland Fire: Any fire occurring on wildland
regardless of ignition sources, damages or benefits (FAO, 2011, Wildland Fire
Management Terminology, FAO, updated September 2010).
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Data type:
code list value
Fire
spreading below the surface, typically occurring in soils rich of peat or coal.
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Data type:
code list value
Processes
that are directly linked to living organisms or products produced by living
organisms.
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Data type:
code list value
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Data type:
code list value
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Data type: code list value
An outbreak
of a disease that spreads rapidly among individuals in an area or population.
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Data type:
code list value
Biological
products or substances (such as pollen) that might cause allergy over a large
number of people.
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6.2.4.5
animal
browsing, overgrazing
Data type:
code list value
Damaged
vegetation by animals biting and chewing off plant parts, or animals too
extreme grazing (tearing out even root parts) leaves vegetation no time to
recover.
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Data type:
code list value
Animal
trampling causes degeneration of vegetation cover.
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Data type:
code list value
Processes
from outer space.
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Data type:
code list value
Solid
materials from outer space reaching the Earth.
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Data type:
code list value
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6.2.5.3
solar
and cosmic radiation
Data type:
code list value
Radiation
from outer space (UV, gamma ray, etc).
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6.2.6
Contamination
or pollution
Data type:
code list
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6.2.6.1
Radioactive contamination
Data type:
code list value
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6.2.6.2
chemical,
toxic pollution
Data type:
code list value
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Data type:
code list value
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Data type:
code list value
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6.2.6.5
explosives
contamination
Data type:
code list value
Area contaminated by military ammunition or industrial explosive materials.
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6.2.6.6
plastic pollution
Data type:
code list value
Contaminated or polluted by either micro or macro plastic.
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6.2.7
Intentional
Or Accidental Structural Damage
Data type:
code list value
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Data type: code
list value
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Data type: code
list value
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Data type:
code list
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Data type: code list value
Loss of tree
cover by natural or man-made processes like drought, storm damage, clear cuts,
soil erosion etc.
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Data type:
code list value
Physical loss of (fertile) top soil through
erosive transport of material due to wind, water flow or gravitational
processes.
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Data type: code list value
Transition from vegetated
land to desert conditions. It happens due to long-lasting lack of precipitation
over the stretch of several years due to climate change or droughts, often in
combination with human or animal impacts like salinization of the soil (due to
bad irrigation management), cutting off water streams, overgrazing or
deforestation. Like that, the surface loses continuously its vegetation cover
and turns into bare and dry surface, often accompanied by aeolian sediments
(sand and dust) that cover the surface.
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Data type: code list value
Areas where
glaciers have reduced in their spatial (vertical or horizontal) extent by
melting due to raising average temperatures.
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7 Geographical Characteristics
Data type: Code list
The entries under habitat
context describe the environmental surrounding in its role as a habitat where
human beings, animals or plants live, roam or grow. The definitions of the
habitat context largely follow the EUNIS habitat types (https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats.jsp)
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Data type: Code list value
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Data type: Code list value
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7.1.3 Inland Surface Waters Habitats
Data type: Code list value
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Data type: Code list value
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7.1.5 Grasslands and Lands Dominated By Forbs, Mosses Or Lichens
Data type: Code list value
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7.1.6 Heathland, Scrub and Tundra
Data type: Code list value
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7.1.7 Woodland, Forest and Other Wooded Land
Data type: Code list value
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7.1.8 Inland Unvegetated Or Sparsely Vegetated Habitats
Data type: Code list value
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7.1.9 Regularly Or Recently Cultivated Agricultural, Horticultural and Domestic Habitats
Data type: Code list value
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7.1.10 Constructed, Industrial and Other Artificial Habitats
Data type: Code list value
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Data type: Code list value
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Data type: Code list value
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Data type: Code list value
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Data type: Code list value
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Data type: Code list value
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Data type: Code list value
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Height zones or altitudinal zoning in general is applied to give structure to the phenomenon that nature changes with increasing altitude in mountainous regions due to varying environmental and climate conditions. Factors like air temperature, air humidity, soil/rock composition, solar radiation, geographical aspect/exposure (azimuth) are important factors in determining altitudinal zones.
Altitudinal zones therefore do not simply relate to absolute elevation or measurable height above sea level. On the same height about sea level, two different altitudinal zones can occur in the southern and northern exposure side of a mountain range.
Data type: code list
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7.2.1 planar zone
Data type: code list value
Low land flat and plain areas, with the average temperatures of the local
climate zone. Ideal terrain conditions for agricultural and settlement
activities.
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7.2.2 collin zone
Data type: code list value
Hilly areas with a slightly undulating terrain surface. Usually the upper limit
for vine growing areas.
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7.2.3 submontane zone
Data type: code list value
Zone with stronger relief energy, valleys and middle range mountain peaks.
Cultivation of crops is – if at all – an exception.
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7.2.4 montane zone
Data type: code list value
Clearly low average temperatures, peak area of middle mountain ranges,
transition between sub- und high mountain zone.
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7.2.5 high montane zone
Data type: code list value
Upper boundary of broad leaved forests, dominated by coniferous trees. Only
seasonal inhabitable.
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7.2.6 subalpine zone
Data type: code list value
Upper boundary of forests, transitional zone between scattered tree growth and
dwarf pines.
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7.2.7 alpine zone
Data type: code list value
This zone he zone stretches between the upper tree line, where trees end to
grow, and lower snowline, where nival zone begins. This zone can further be broken
down into Sub-Nival and Treeless Alpine (low-Alpine). Vegetation cover is
restricted to herbaceous and sporadic dwarf shrubs or dwarfs trees.
Sub-Nival: This zone is under influence of low temperatures, seasonal frost and
strong winds. Vegetation cover is patchy, restricted to favorable growing
locations, and limited to herbaceous vegetation types typical for arctic
regions. Snow cover is found for part of the year.
Low-Alpine: Vegetation cover is continuous, dominated by alpine meadows, shrubs
and sporadic dwarf trees. Due to consistent freezing temperatures tree growth
is severely limited.
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7.2.8 nival zone
Data type: code list value
Highest altitudinal zone, throughout the entire or most of the year covered
with snow / ice. This zone is the origin of glaciers. Vegetation is
non-existent in this zone, apart from extremely scarse micro organisms.
Data type: code list
The geographical context
gives an indication about the larger context of a land unit, in what kind of
spatial surrounding it is embedded. The borders of such regions are often
rather fluent, and it is rather difficult to draw a distinct boarder line between
them. Still, it can help to understand the overall landscape situation in
general. These categories are not connected to any formalistic terms that may
have fiscal or legal consequences for the described land unit. This code list
is open and may be extended by the user. Also, the geographical context types
are on purpose not mutually exclusive in their meaning and can overlap in
space.
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7.3.1 inland context
Data type: code list value
The inland areas are the
opponent of coastal areas. These
areas are distant enough from the coast and are not anymore directly influenced
by it.
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7.3.2 coastal context
Data type: code list value
The coastal context gives an indication about land being close to the
sea shore areas. The vicinity to the coast has an influence on the location of
cities, harbors as well as on socio-economic activities factors like commercial
and industrial activities, tourism, but also cultural aspects. Along coastal
areas, specific landscape types or habitats can be found in contrary to more
distant locations from the coast.
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7.3.3 island context
Data type: code list value
Island areas are under influence of the
surrounding sea. This has an effect on the transportation connectivity to the
mainland. It is a special geographic situation. An island also can have inland and coastal areas.
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7.3.4 oceanic context
Data type: code list value
Oceanic areas are located at open sea,
with considerable distance to any coastline, from the continental shelf zone
towards deep sea areas.
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7.3.5 urban context
Data type: code list value
Urban addresses the context of cities
and their sub-urban areas. Besides some other landscape types, areas occupied
with settlements have a dominant appearance. Also more or less dense
transportation networks are part of urban areas. The population density is
rather high.
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7.3.6 rural context
Data type: code list value
Rural areas are dominated by
agricultural land or forests. Settlement areas are present but play an inferior
role. This type of landscape context does not include bigger cities (which
would be urban context). The
population density is rather medium to low.
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7.3.7 riparian context
Data type: code list value
Riparian areas are found along river
banks. They are exposed to a rivers variance in water level and to seasonal or
occasional inundations. The terrain is mostly flat. In riparian areas specific
types of vegetation with hydrophilic plants can be found that are adapted to
the situation of being flooded.
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7.3.8 mountain context
Data type: code list value
Mountain regions are under the influence
of mountains. These kind of spatial context includes the valleys between the
mountains themselves. Mountainous regions are characterized by high relief
energy of the terrain. Different climate and vegetation zones as well as
different forms of human settlements and cultivation practices can be found
here.
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7.4 Geomorphological landform type
Data type: heading
With this character, a
geomorphological form can be noted manually as text string. In the current
version of EAGLE matrix / model this character is a kind of placeholder. To
cover all kinds of geomorphological forms and make a comprehensive code list is
at this stage not foreseen. It may be considered to integrate such a code list
at a later stage.
Examples:
Cave, Cliff, Coral reef, Doline (Karstic), Drumlin, Fumarole, Geysir, Glacier
moraine, Gorge, Gully, Lava field, Meteor crater, Sand bank, Sand dune,
Volcanic caldera, Volcanic cone, Volcanic crater.
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7.4.1 Geomorphological landform
Data type: text string
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Data type: code list
This category applies for
coastal shorelines as well as for inland river banks and lakesides. It helps to
subdivide the littoral complex into zones that can be used to describe habitat
types (basically wetlands and alike) in the vicinity of water surfaces.
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Data type: code list value
The epilittoral zones is
beyond any direct influence of water cover along a sea shore line or a inland
lakeside. The area is only influenced indirectly by a high ground water level
and moist (and eventually salty) soil conditions. Only extreme storm surges
reach here, or rare inland flood events along riparian areas. Vegetation cover,
if present, is dominated by hygrophilous plants.
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Data type: code list value
The supralittoral zone is the
splash and spray zone high enough above the water line to not be frequently
covered with water or waves. Still this area is influenced by spray water,
either in coastal areas from sea water or along inland water bodies. Only
during storm surges or irregular water peak level events these areas are
exposed to being flooded.
Example: Coastal saltmarshes or young dunes in transition from halophilous
pioneer vegetation to halophile vegetation.
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Data type: code list value
In coastal areas, the
eulittoral or intertidal zone stretches from the low tide line to the high tide
water line. It is subjected to constant change between being submerged and
uncovered from water by the tides. Connected to inland water bodies it is the
river bank or lakeside where waves constantly run ashore. Due to its high
erosive and/or sedimentary dynamics, plants usually are not able to take roots.
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7.5.4 Infralittoral, Sublittoral
Data type: code list value
As part of coastal areas as
well as connected to inland water bodies, the sublittoral or also called
subtidal zone addresses the area where the earths surface is normally
constantly covered by water. In coastal areas the sublittoral zone stretches
from the low tide line across the shallow sea towards the continental shelf. It
is inhabited by algae, corals etc. where photosynthesis is still possible under
water. In inland water bodies, the sublittoral or infralittoral zone embraces
the area of a lake, where taller terrestrial plants can still build roots. This
zone often is also the breading zone for water animals.
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Data type: code list
This list contains
different types of general climate zones in a coarse approach. Sometimes it may
be useful o necessary to assign a climate zone to certain elements, like for
example certain vegetation (or crop) types which are native in particular
climate zones.
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Data type: code list value
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7.6.2
Subtropical
Climate Zone
Data type: code list value
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Data type: code list value
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7.6.4
Polar
and Subpolar Climate Zone
Data type: code list value
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Data type: Heading
This parameter collection
carries parametric measurable information about elevation, slope and aspect of
terrain point. These data is best handled in form of raster data.
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Data type: numeric value
This parameter carries the
absolute height above sea level in meters.
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Data type: numeric value
This parameter carries the
steepness or gradient of an ascending terrain. It can be measured in percentage
(ratio between vertical difference in height and horizontal distance) or in
angle degrees, where 100% corresponds with 90°. In EAGLE context is proposed to
use angle degrees.
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7.7.1.3 Terrain Aspect, Exposition
Data type: numeric value
This parameter carries the
orientation aspect of an inclined terrain surface towards cardinal directions.
It is expressed in 0° to 360°, where 0° = North, 90° = East, 180° = South, 270°
= West, among other values in between.
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8 Spatial Characteristics
Arrangement in space and the inner structure of land units. This
character category is further subdivided into several pattern types and their
instances.
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8.1 Spatial Distribution Pattern
Data type: code list
Under spatial
distribution patterns 2-dimensional spatial patterns give indications on how
specific land cover components are distributed in space and what kind of
spatial relation they have to each other. There are four kinds of spatial
patterns preset, but can be extended.
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8.1.1 Homogeneous, evenly textured
Data type: code list value
The
spatial pattern “homogenous” indicates that a certain land surface unit is
uniform in structure, and composition and evenly textured. Every spot inside
the unit is supposed to be of the same kind.
Example: The lawn of a football field is homogenous. Fruit trees in a
plantation are arranged in a homogenous way.
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8.1.2 Heterogeneous, mixed, unevenly textured
Data type: code list value
The spatial
pattern “heterogeneous” describes the more or less equal distribution of
several features inside a land unit, with an uneven texture. Certain different
land cover components that may occur inside a land unit are distributed in a
mixed manner. A varying density in distribution can be the appearance of heterogeneity.
Example: a mixed forest consists out of mixed stands of broad leaved trees
and needle leaved trees.
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8.1.3 Mosaic pattern
Data type: code list value
The spatial
pattern “mosaic” describes the distribution of features in space in relation
and together with other surrounding features, which are homogeneous within
themselves but clearly distinct from each other. A land unit with a mosaic
pattern contains several sub- units/components that can be identified as
stand-alone sub-parts of the larger “mosaic” unit holding them together. It is
applied for land surface units on a higher abstracted level. The single parts
inside the mosaic may have their own spatial pattern (e.g. homogeneous or
heterogeneous) to be distinguishable. Altogether, the sub-units inside the
characterized “mosaic” unit form a patchwork pattern, where each patch is
clearly distinct.
Example: a forest area with appearing grassland clearings in between.
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8.1.4 Scattered pattern
Data type: code list value
The spatial pattern “scattered” describes the scattered distribution
of a feature in space. It indicates that the specific feature does occur only
sporadically, is not dominating and distributed not equally.
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Data type: code list value
The spatial pattern “regular spacing” describes the spatial
arrangement of all kinds of landscape objects in a regular form, where the
space between the objects follow an evenly distributed pattern. This can apply
for artificial objects (e.g. houses in built-up areas, wind turbines, solar
panels etc.) or woody crop plantations (e.g. olive or fruit trees, Christmas
trees, vineyards), and others.
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Data type: code list
This collection
of linear landscape pattern has been set up to capture information about
certain linear elements in landscape that are too small or narrow to be capture
as single features, but still can have a significant influence on the character
of a land surface unit. The linear patterns are not exclusive and may occur in
combinations. Four subtypes are here to distinguish (others can be added):
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Data type: code list value
The character
hedge rows indicate that a land parcel is surrounded by or contains several
hedge rows. Through them, the land parcel has a kind of sub-parcel structure.
Mostly occurs in agricultural areas.
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Data type: code list value
The character
rows of trees indicate that a land parcel is surrounded by or contains several
rows of trees. Through them, the land parcel has a kind of sub-parcel
structure. Occurs for example in rural areas, but also along alleys inside
urban zones.
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Data type: code list value
The character
“stone walls” indicate that a land parcel is surrounded by or contains several
stone walls. This pattern refers to man-made piled up dry stone walls that are
part of old traditional agricultural areas, typically can be found in rural
areas of southern European countries. From a habitat perspective, those stone
walls are valuable objects that offer refugee for reptiles and insects.
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Data type: code list
This character
describes the presence of some linear technical networks that are distributed
within a certain land unit and that give a typical structure to it. It may have
some small roads, ditches, fences, wires, pipelines or similar linear network
elements. Some values are pre-defined, others can be added to the open code
list.
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Data type: code list value
A land unit can
contain a clearly recognizable network of roads which give a special character
to the land unit. The location or geometry of the road network is not
necessarily known, but only its presence.
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8.3.2 pipelines
Data type: code list value
A land unit can contain a single track or a network of pipelines.
The location or geometry is not necessarily known, but only its presence.
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Data type: code list
The elements under Vertical
position describe the position of an object in landscape, whether it is located
on the ground surface, suspended/elevated, or under the ground surface. Sometimes
it may be necessary or useful to have information of such positioning of
objects in landscape, for example when describing roads over bridges across
rivers.
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Data type: code list value
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Data type: code list value
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Data type: code list value
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Data type: heading
This segment contains object-related information about their spatial dimensions and geometric parameters, their occurrence, and temporal parameters to describe their appearance along time axes. They all cannot stand alone and need to be combined with other content-carrying elements (LCC, LUA, or LCH):
Data type: code list
Data type: code list value
This element stands for the area size of
an object. The measuring unit is in square meters, to be applied in the numeric
elements below (from..to). In case there is no value range but distinct exact
figures, use the same figure for “value from..” and “value..to”. The elements
from this segment need to be combined with the addressed content-carrying model
elements (LCC, LUA, LCH).
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9.1.1.1 object area size value from...
Data type: numeric value
This parameter expresses the lower range
value for the area size of an object. The measuring unit is in square meters.
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9.1.1.2 object area size value to...
Data type: numeric value
This parameter expresses the upper range
value for the area size of an object. The measuring unit is in square meters.
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Data type: code list value
This element stands for the length of an
object. The measuring unit is in meters, to be applied in the numeric elements
below (from..to). In case there is no value range but distinct exact figures,
use the same figure for “value from..” and “value..to”.
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9.1.2.1 object length value from..
Data type: numeric value
This parameter expresses the lower range
value for the length of an object. The measuring unit is in meters.
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9.1.2.2 object length value to..
Data type: numeric value
This parameter expresses the upper range value
for the length of an object. The measuring unit is in meters.
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Data type: code list value
This element stands for the
width of an object. The measuring unit is in meters, to be applied in the
numeric elements below (from..to). In case there is no value range but distinct
exact figures, use the same figure for “value from..” and “value..to”.
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9.1.3.1 object width value from..
Data type: numeric value
This parameter expresses
the lower range value for the width of an object. The measuring unit is in
meters.
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9.1.3.2 object width value to..
Data type: numeric value
This parameter expresses
the upper range value for the width of an object. The measuring unit is in
meters.
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Data type: code list value
This element
stands for the height of an object, meaning not height above sea level but how
tall an object is above ground. The measuring unit is in meters, to be
numerically expressed in the elements below (from..to). In case there is no
value range but distinct exact figures, use the same figure for “value from..”
and “value..to”.
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9.1.4.1 object height value from..
Data type: numeric value
This parameter
expresses the lower range value for the height of an object. The measuring unit
is in meters.
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9.1.4.2 object height value to..
Data type: numeric value
This parameter
expresses the upper range value for the height of an object. The measuring unit
is in meters.
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Data type: code list value
This element
stands for the percentage share of a Land Cover Component (or Land Use
Attribute) within a larger land unit, to be numerically expressed in the
elements below (from..to). In case there is no value range but distinct exact
figures, use the same figure for “value from..” and “value..to”.
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9.1.5.1 area coverage value from..
Data type: Integer percentage value
This element
expresses the lower range value for the percentage share of a Land Cover
Component (or Land Use Attribute) within a larger land unit.
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9.1.5.2 area coverage value to..
Data type: Integer percentage value
This element
expresses the upper range value for the percentage share of a Land Cover
Component (or Land Use Attribute) within a larger land unit.
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Data type: code list
This segment describes how many or how much of certain elements occur in the given land unit. The elements under this segment need to be combined with other content-carrying (LCC, LUA, LCH) model elements.
Data type: code list value
This elements stands for how
big is the quantitative percentage share – expressed as a relative figure - of the
addressed particular objects among all other distinct objects within a certain
land unit. To be numerically expressed in the elements below (from..to). In
case there is no value range but distinct exact figures, use the same figure
for “value from..” and “value..to”.
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9.2.1.1 Percentage occurrence value from..
Data type: integer percentage value
This elements expresses the
upper range value for the quantitative percentage share of the addressed particular
objects among all other distinct objects within a certain land unit.
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9.2.1.2 Percentage occurrence value to..
Data type: integer percentage value
This elements expresses the
upper range value for the quantitative percentage share of the addressed particular
objects among all other distinct objects within a certain land unit.
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Data type: code list value
This elements stands for how
many of the addressed objects occur in absolute numbers in the given land unit.
To be numerically expressed in the elements below (from..to). In case there is
no value range but distinct exact figures, use the same figure for “value
from..” and “value..to”.
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9.2.2.1 Countable occurrence value from..
Data type: numeric value
This elements expresses the
lower range value for how many of the addressed objects occur in absolute
numbers in the given land unit.
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9.2.2.2 Countable occurrence value to..
Data type: numeric value
This elements expresses the
upper range value for how many of the addressed objects occur in absolute
numbers in the given land unit.
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Data type: boolean
The element combined with and addressed by is generally present in
the given land unit, however a discrete number and quantity cannot be specified.
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Data type: code list
This segment describes the temporal appearance over time of certain addressed elements in the given land unit. The elements under this segment need to be combined with other content-carrying (LCC, LUA, LCH) model elements. The date respectively the period or event is expressed in the elements below by stating the counted number of days into the year, starting with 1. January as “1” and 31. December as “365”.
Data type: code list value
This LCH stands for the instant
date of a certain event without considerable temporal duration, counted from 1st
January onwards into the year. It applies for sudden events that lead to a
temporary or long-term change of landscape situation. To be expressed with a
counted number of days into the year with the element below. When it is clear
that a single event (expressed by a model element, e.g. mowed meadow) took
place, however the precise day cannot be identified but rather a certain time
window, use the “from..to” elements below. Instead, when the day is clear, fill
the same figure for “from..” and “to..”.
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9.3.1.1 Instant event date value from..
Data type: TM_Position
This LCH stores the instant
date respectively the entry date for a short time window where an event without
considerable temporal duration took place.
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9.3.1.2 Instant event date value to..
Data type: TM_Position
This LCH stores the instant
date respectively the end date for a short time window where an event without
considerable temporal duration took place.
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Data type: code list value
This LCH can
store the relative length (seasonal duration) of a certain situation or status
of a land unit, like for example the duration of a crop cycle, a construction
site, a forest fire or a flooding event. It is expressed by the counted number
of days. If the exact duration is unclear, values from .. to (see elements
below) can be used as a range. If no range is needed, use the same figures for
the elements “from..” and “to..”.
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Data type: TM_PeriodDuration
This LCH stores
the lower range value for the temporal length in days (seasonal duration) of a
certain situation or status of a land unit.
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Data type: TM_PeriodDuration
This LCH stores
the upper range value for the temporal length in days (seasonal duration) of a
certain situation or status of a land unit.
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Data type: code list value
This
LCH can store the period of an event or status which is limited by two definite
positions in time. IT is determined by an explicit start and end date.
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Data type: code list value
This
LCH stores the start date of a certain period in form of the number of a day,
counted from 1st January (“1”) onwards into the year until 31.
December (“365”).
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9.3.3.1.1 period start date value from..
Data type: TM_Date
This
LCH expresses the lower range value for the start date of an element-related
period. If the exact period start is unclear, values from .. to (see elements
below) can be used as a range. If no range is needed, use the same figures for
the elements “from..” and “to..”.
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9.3.3.1.2 period start date value to..
Data type: TM_Date
This
LCH expresses the upper range value for the start date of an element-related period.
If the exact period start is unclear, values from .. to (see elements below)
can be used as a range. If no range is needed, use the same figures for the
elements “from..” and “to..”.
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Data type: code list value
This
LCH stores the end date of a certain period in form of the number of a day,
counted from 1st January onwards into the year.
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9.3.3.2.1 period end date value from..
Data type: TM_Date
This
LCH expresses the lower range value for the end date of an element-related
period. If the exact period start is unclear, values from .. to (see elements
below) can be used as a range. If no range is needed, use the same figures for
the elements “from..” and “to..”.
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9.3.3.2.2 period end date value to..
Data type: TM_Date
This
LCH expresses the upper range value for the end date of an element-related
period. If the exact period start is unclear, values from .. to (see elements
below) can be used as a range. If no range is needed, use the same figures for
the elements “from..” and “to..”.
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Data type: integer value
Seasonal
frequency to store the number of changes per year, how often a situation is altering,
recurring, or repeatedly happening. It is applicable e.g.
to describe the recurring frequency of mowing events on a meadow, in
combination with the content-carrying LCH “mowing”.
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9.3.4.1 recurring frequency value from..
Data type: TM_Date
This LCH expresses the lower
range value for the recurring frequency of an addressed element. If the exact
frequency is unclear, values from .. to (see elements below) can be used as a
range. If no range is needed, use the same figures for the elements “from..” and
“to..”.
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9.3.4.2 recurring frequency value to..
Data type: TM_Date
This LCH expresses the upper
range value for the recurring frequency of an addressed element. If the exact
frequency is unclear, values from .. to (see elements below) can be used as a
range. If no range is needed, use the same figures for the elements “from..”
and “to..”.
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Arnold, S., Kosztra, B.,
Banko, G., Smith, G., Hazeu, G., Bock, M., Valcarcel Sanz, N. (2013): The EAGLE
concept – A vision of a future European Land Monitoring Framework.
In: R. Lasaponara, L. Masini and M. Biscione
(Eds.). Towards Horizon 2020: Earth Observation and Social Perspectives. 33th
EARSeL Symposium Proceedings, pp. 551-568. Matera: EARSeL and CNR.
EEA (2007): CLC2006 technical guidelines. EEA Technical Report No
17/2007. URL: http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/technical_report_2007_17 (last access: 25.06.2013)
EEA (2017): Updated CLC illustrated nomenclature guidelines.
Service Contract No 3436/R0-Copernicus/EEA.57441Task 3, D3.1 –Part 1. https://land.copernicus.eu/user-corner/technical-library/corine-land-cover-nomenclature-guidelines/docs/pdf/CLC2018_Nomenclature_illustrated_guide_20190510.pdf
EAGLE website URL: https://land.copernicus.eu/eagle
Ford-Robertson, F.C. (ed). (1971): Terminology of Forest Science, Technology
Practice and Products. Society of American Foresters, Washington DC.
INSPIRE data specifications, collection of all
themes: http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/index.cfm/pageid/2
INSPIRE,
2013a: D2.8.II.2 Data Specification on Land cover – Draft Technical Guidelines
version 3 (Identifier D2.8.II.2_v3.0rc3).
URL:http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/documents/Data_Specifications/INSPIRE_DataSpecification_LC_v3. 0.pdf
INSPIRE,
2013b: D2.8.III.2 Data Specification on Buildings – Draft Technical Guidelines
version 3 (Identifier D2.8.III.2_v3.0rc3).
URL:http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/documents/Data_Specifications/INSPIRE_DataSpecification_BU_v3. 0.pdf
INSPIRE, 2013c:
D2.8.III.4 Data Specification on Land use – Draft Technical Guidelines version
3 (Identifier D2.8.III.4_v3.0rc3).
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